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Algebra - Solving quadratic equations by completing the square-extended

Grade 9IB

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a≠0a \neq 0.

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Completing the square is a method used to solve quadratic equations by transforming the quadratic expression into a perfect square binomial form: a(x−h)2+k=0a(x - h)^2 + k = 0.

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To complete the square for x2+bxx^2 + bx, we identify the coefficient of xx, halve it, and square the result: (b2)2(\frac{b}{2})^2. This value is added and subtracted to maintain equality.

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If the leading coefficient aa is not 11, it must be factored out from the x2x^2 and xx terms or the entire equation must be divided by aa before completing the square.

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The 'extended' method typically involves handling non-integer values, fractions, and coefficients where a≠1a \neq 1, leading to solutions involving surds (square roots).

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Once the equation is in the form (x+p)2=q(x+p)^2 = q, we solve for xx by taking the square root of both sides: x+p=±qx + p = \pm \sqrt{q}.

📐Formulae

x2+bx+c=(x+b2)2−(b2)2+cx^2 + bx + c = (x + \frac{b}{2})^2 - (\frac{b}{2})^2 + c

ax2+bx+c=a(x2+bax)+c=a(x+b2a)2+(c−b24a)ax^2 + bx + c = a(x^2 + \frac{b}{a}x) + c = a(x + \frac{b}{2a})^2 + (c - \frac{b^2}{4a})

x=−p±q where (x+p)2=qx = -p \pm \sqrt{q} \text{ where } (x+p)^2 = q

💡Examples

Problem 1:

Solve x2+6x−4=0x^2 + 6x - 4 = 0 by completing the square. Leave your answer in simplest radical form.

Solution:

x2+6x=4x^2 + 6x = 4 x2+6x+(62)2=4+(62)2x^2 + 6x + (\frac{6}{2})^2 = 4 + (\frac{6}{2})^2 x2+6x+9=4+9x^2 + 6x + 9 = 4 + 9 (x+3)2=13(x + 3)^2 = 13 x+3=±13x + 3 = \pm \sqrt{13} x=−3±13x = -3 \pm \sqrt{13}

Explanation:

First, move the constant −4-4 to the right side. Identify b=6b = 6, calculate (62)2=9(\frac{6}{2})^2 = 9, and add it to both sides to create a perfect square trinomial on the left. Factor the left side and take the square root of both sides, remembering the plus-minus sign.

Problem 2:

Solve 2x2−8x+3=02x^2 - 8x + 3 = 0 by completing the square.

Solution:

2(x2−4x)+3=02(x^2 - 4x) + 3 = 0 2(x2−4x+(−2)2−(−2)2)+3=02(x^2 - 4x + (-2)^2 - (-2)^2) + 3 = 0 2((x−2)2−4)+3=02((x - 2)^2 - 4) + 3 = 0 2(x−2)2−8+3=02(x - 2)^2 - 8 + 3 = 0 2(x−2)2−5=02(x - 2)^2 - 5 = 0 2(x−2)2=52(x - 2)^2 = 5 (x−2)2=52(x - 2)^2 = \frac{5}{2} x−2=±52x - 2 = \pm \sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} x=2±102x = 2 \pm \frac{\sqrt{10}}{2}

Explanation:

Since a=2a = 2, factor 22 out of the first two terms. Complete the square inside the parentheses by adding and subtracting (−42)2=4(\frac{-4}{2})^2 = 4. Distribute the 22 back to the −4-4 constant, simplify, and solve for xx by isolating the squared term and taking the square root.

Problem 3:

Solve x2+5x+2=0x^2 + 5x + 2 = 0 by completing the square.

Solution:

x2+5x=−2x^2 + 5x = -2 x2+5x+(52)2=−2+(52)2x^2 + 5x + (\frac{5}{2})^2 = -2 + (\frac{5}{2})^2 x2+5x+254=−84+254x^2 + 5x + \frac{25}{4} = -\frac{8}{4} + \frac{25}{4} (x+52)2=174(x + \frac{5}{2})^2 = \frac{17}{4} x+52=±172x + \frac{5}{2} = \pm \frac{\sqrt{17}}{2} x=−52±172x = -\frac{5}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{17}}{2} x=−5±172x = \frac{-5 \pm \sqrt{17}}{2}

Explanation:

Identify b=5b = 5. Add (52)2=254(\frac{5}{2})^2 = \frac{25}{4} to both sides. Convert the constant −2-2 to a fraction with a common denominator (−84-\frac{8}{4}). Factor into a square of a binomial, take the square root of both sides, and solve for xx.