Physics: Electricity and Magnetism - Magnets, Electromagnets, and Electromagnetic Forces

Magnetic Poles: All magnets have a North ($N$) and a South ($S$) pole. Like poles repel, and opposite poles attract.

Magnetic Field ($B$): The region around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted. Field lines are drawn from the North pole to the South pole.

Magnetic Materials: Materials like Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt are ferromagnetic and can be magnetized.

Electromagnetism: An electric current ($I$) flowing through a conductor produces a magnetic field around it. The direction of the field can be determined using the Right-Hand Grip Rule.

Solenoids: A coil of wire acting as a magnet when carrying an electric current. The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform.

Electromagnets: Temporary magnets made by winding a coil around a soft iron core. Their strength depends on the current ($I$), the number of turns ($N$), and the core material.

The Motor Effect: When a current-carrying wire is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a force ($F$).

Fleming's Left-Hand Rule: Used to find the direction of the force. The Thumb represents Force ($F$), the First Finger represents Magnetic Field ($B$), and the Second Finger represents Current ($I$).