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Life Processes - Describe respiration, transport, and excretion in plants and animals

Grade 10CBSE

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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Transportation in humans is carried out by the circulatory system, which consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood.

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The human heart is a four-chambered muscular organ. The separation of the right and left sides prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring efficient O2O_2 supply.

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Double circulation involves two cycles: Pulmonary circulation (Heart →\rightarrow Lungs →\rightarrow Heart) and Systemic circulation (Heart →\rightarrow Body →\rightarrow Heart).

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Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against vessel walls. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer; normal systolic pressure is 120 mmHg120\ mmHg and diastolic is 80 mmHg80\ mmHg.

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Platelets are responsible for blood clotting at the site of injury to prevent excessive blood loss.

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Lymph is an extracellular fluid that carries digested fats and drains excess fluid from intercellular spaces back into the blood. It contains less protein than plasma and no RBCsRBCs.

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In plants, transportation occurs through vascular tissues: XylemXylem (water and minerals) and PhloemPhloem (food/sucrose).

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Water moves upward in XylemXylem due to Root PressureRoot\ Pressure (at night) and Transpiration PullTranspiration\ Pull (during the day) through the stomata.

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Translocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis in PhloemPhloem. Unlike xylem transport, it requires energy in the form of ATPATP.

📐Formulae

BP=Systolic PressureDiastolic Pressure≈12080 mmHgBP = \frac{\text{Systolic Pressure}}{\text{Diastolic Pressure}} \approx \frac{120}{80}\ mmHg

Hb+4O2⇌Hb(O2)4 (Oxyhaemoglobin formation)Hb + 4O_2 \rightleftharpoons Hb(O_2)_4 \text{ (Oxyhaemoglobin formation)}

Transpiration Pull∝Rate of Evaporation from Stomata\text{Transpiration Pull} \propto \text{Rate of Evaporation from Stomata}

Osmotic Pressure↑  ⟹  Water movement into Phloem sieve tubes\text{Osmotic Pressure} \uparrow \implies \text{Water movement into Phloem sieve tubes}

💡Examples

Problem 1:

Calculate the heart rate if the cardiac cycle duration is 0.8 seconds0.8\ seconds.

Solution:

Heart Rate=60 seconds0.8 seconds/cycle=75 beats per minute\text{Heart Rate} = \frac{60\ \text{seconds}}{0.8\ \text{seconds/cycle}} = 75\ \text{beats per minute}

Explanation:

The heart rate is the number of cardiac cycles completed in one minute (6060 seconds).

Problem 2:

Explain how the transport of food in PhloemPhloem differs from the transport of water in XylemXylem.

Solution:

In XylemXylem, water moves upward due to physical forces like Transpiration PullTranspiration\ Pull. In PhloemPhloem, sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes using ATPATP. This increases the osmotic pressure, causing H2OH_2O to move into the phloem, creating a high-pressure gradient that moves the sap to tissues with lower pressure.

Explanation:

The movement in phloem is an active process requiring biological energy (ATPATP), whereas xylem transport is largely driven by physical gradients.

Problem 3:

What happens to the O2O_2 carrying capacity if there is a deficiency of HemoglobinHemoglobin (HbHb)?

Solution:

A deficiency in HbHb leads to AnemiaAnemia. Since HbHb has a high affinity for O2O_2, lower levels mean less O2O_2 is transported to tissues, leading to fatigue and breathlessness.

Explanation:

Each HbHb molecule binds to 44 molecules of O2O_2 to form Hb(O2)4Hb(O_2)_4. If HbHb concentration drops, the total O2O_2 concentration in the blood decreases.

Describe respiration, transport, and excretion in plants and animals Class 10 Notes & Examples