Life Processes

Pancreas

Adrenal gland

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Lower epidermis

Mesophyll

Vascular bundle

Guard cells

Stroma

Grana

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Iron

Magnesium

Calcium

Potassium

The leaf from the jar with $KOH$ turns blue-black because $KOH$ provides oxygen for starch synthesis.

The leaf from the jar with $KOH$ does not turn blue-black because $CO_2$ was absorbed by $KOH$.

Both leaves turn blue-black because $KOH$ only acts as a catalyst and does not consume $CO_2$.

Only the leaf from the jar with $KOH$ turns blue-black as $KOH$ accelerates the photosynthesis process.

Absorption of amino acids

Absorption of glucose

Absorption of water

Digestion of fats

Bile duct only

Pancreatic duct only

Hepatopancreatic duct

Thoracic duct

To soften the leaf tissue.

To kill the cells and stop all metabolic reactions.

To remove the green pigment chlorophyll so color changes are visible.

To dissolve the starch present in the leaf.

Trypsin

Salivary Amylase

Pepsin

Pancreatic Lipase

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules.

The movement of digested food from the gut into the blood.

The utilization of absorbed nutrients for building cell components or energy.

The removal of undigested food from the body.

Abdominal cavity

Thoracic cavity

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

Glycolysis in muscles

To pump blood

To change the volume of the chest cavity

To digest food

To filter the air

Bronchi

Larynx

Pharynx

Trachea

Lungs

Gills

Skin

Trachea

2

28

38

48

Only respiration takes place

Only photosynthesis takes place

Both photosynthesis and respiration take place, but photosynthesis is much faster

Respiration takes place in the roots while photosynthesis takes place in the leaves only

Due to the accumulation of ethanol in muscles

Due to the lack of glucose in the blood

Due to the buildup of lactic acid resulting from anaerobic respiration

Due to the excessive loss of water through sweat

Carbon dioxide

Water

Oxygen

Glucose

Higher

Lower

Zero

Unpredictable

Temperature regulation in plants

Absorption of water

Upward movement of minerals

All of the above

Hemoglobin

Plasma

WBCs

Platelets

Right side of the human heart

Left side of the human heart

Pulmonary artery

Vena cava

Veins

Capillaries

Arteries

Lymph vessels

Xylem vessels

Xylem tracheids

Sieve tubes with companion cells

Lenticels

Right atrium and right ventricle

Left atrium and left ventricle

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Left ventricle and aorta

To decrease the amount of oxygen reaching the muscles

To increase the delivery of $O_2$ and the removal of $CO_2$ and lactic acid

To reduce the blood pressure in the arteries

To allow the body to store more energy in the liver

Source is always the root, and Sink is always the leaf

Source is the part that produces/releases food, and Sink is the part that uses/stores it

Source and Sink are fixed locations that never change with seasons

Source provides water, and Sink provides nutrients

To produce red blood cells in the bone marrow

To act as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and cells

To provide lubrication for the joints

To transport nerve impulses between the brain and heart

Increases water reabsorption

Decreases water reabsorption

Stops filtration

Increases urea production

Xylem

Stomata

Phloem

Roots

Remaining filtrate is evaporated

Remaining filtrate is reabsorbed in kidney tubules

The bladder is very small

Most water is used in digestion

1-2 liters

10-20 liters

180 liters

500 liters

Undigested food and fiber

Carbon dioxide and urea

Sweat and saliva

Red blood cells and platelets

Cortex

Medulla

Hilum

Pelvis

Respiration

Transpiration

Photosynthesis

Translocation

Endothelium of glomerular capillaries

Basement membrane

Epithelium of Bowman's capsule (podocytes)

The smooth muscle layer of the renal pelvis

It leads to increased blood pressure.

It causes tissue edema (swelling) due to loss of blood osmotic pressure.

It makes the person hyperactive.

It increases the efficiency of the immune system.

The Kidney Cortex

The Ureter

The Urinary Bladder

The Urethra

Small Intestine

Stomach

Large Intestine

Oesophagus

Lactose

Sucrose

Glucose

Maltose

Cow

Green Algae

Lion

Fungi

Villi

Alveoli

Stomata

Nephrons

Organism lives on or inside another organism and gets food from it

Organism feeds on dead and decaying organic matter

Organism takes in solid or liquid food and digests it inside the body

Organism synthesizes its own food using sunlight

The plant loses all its chlorophyll

The plant uses up all its stored starch

The plant stops absorbing water

The plant's leaves turn yellow due to lack of CO2

It is a continuous flow controlled by gravity

It is regulated by a sphincter muscle

It occurs only when the stomach is completely full

It is controlled by the movement of the diaphragm

Leech

Ticks

Tapeworm

Cuscuta

Pepsin

Trypsin

Lipase

Amylase

Upper Epidermis

Palisade Mesophyll

Spongy Mesophyll

Lower Epidermis

Blood enters through ventricles and leaves through atria

Atria and ventricles contract simultaneously

Blood enters through atria and leaves through ventricles

Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the body from the left ventricle

Pulmonary Vein

Vena Cava

Aorta

Renal Vein

To transport water

To provide support to tracheids

To assist sieve tubes in the translocation of food

To perform photosynthesis

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Aorta

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Pulmonary Artery

Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Lungs -> Body

Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Lungs -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Body

Left Ventricle -> Right Ventricle -> Body -> Lungs

Right Atrium -> Left Atrium -> Body -> Lungs

Phloem

Parenchyma

Xylem

Collenchyma

Serum contains red blood cells while plasma does not

Plasma is the liquid part of blood including clotting factors; serum is plasma without clotting factors

Serum is found only in the lymphatic system while plasma is in the blood vessels

There is no difference; the terms are synonymous

Warm, dry, and windy day

Cold, humid, and still air day

Warm, humid, and windy day

Cold, dry, and still air day

The attraction between water molecules and the walls of xylem vessels

The attraction between two different water molecules via hydrogen bonds

The active pumping of water by xylem parenchyma

The expansion of vessels during the day to accommodate more water

Starch

Resins and Gums

Proteins

Chlorophyll

Diffusion

Osmosis

Dialysis

Active transport

Only upward

Only downward

Bidirectional

Only towards the roots

Glucose

Amino acids

Fatty acids

Glycerol

The rate of respiration becomes zero during the day due to sunlight.

$CO_2$ generated during respiration is used up by the plant for photosynthesis.

Plants only perform respiration at night and photosynthesis during the day.

Stomata remain closed during the day to prevent oxygen from escaping.

Translocation

Peristaltic movement

Osmosis

Involuntary movement

Young leaves

Old xylem

Phloem

Roots

To store more food for long periods

To allow more time for the digestion of cellulose by symbiotic bacteria

To absorb more water from the food

Because they eat more food than carnivores

The white part only

The green part only

The entire leaf

Neither part

Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ Loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ PCT $\rightarrow$ DCT $\rightarrow$ Collecting duct

Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ PCT $\rightarrow$ Loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ DCT $\rightarrow$ Collecting duct

PCT $\rightarrow$ Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ DCT $\rightarrow$ Loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ Collecting duct

DCT $\rightarrow$ Loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ PCT $\rightarrow$ Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ Collecting duct

The need for energy

The need for wings

The need for gills

The need for soil

Respiration

Excretion

Nutrition

Transportation

Power various cellular activities

Cool the body down

Stop the heart

Make the cell disappear

Are frozen

Infect some cell

Are in the sun

Are in water

To increase the speed of blood flow

To ensure that blood flows only in one direction and does not flow back

To filter the blood from nitrogenous wastes

To maintain the temperature of the blood

Active transport

Diffusion through the cell surface

Osmosis through the contractile vacuole

Transpiration

Insulin

Adrenaline

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Thyroxine

Plants show no molecular movement because they do not have a heart.

Molecular movement in plants is limited to the movement of water in xylem.

Invisible molecular movements occur in plants to facilitate repair and photosynthesis.

Molecular movement only occurs in plants during the spring.

Carbon dioxide

Urea

Glucose

Starch

Death is the temporary suspension of life processes.

Death is the state where life processes (maintenance functions) cease to occur.

Death occurs when the organism runs out of oxygen but continues other processes.

Death is the process of converting all internal energy into heat.

Absorption of water

Exchange of gases

Transport of food

Anchoring the plant

Nerve cells

Blood vessels

Air sacs

Water tubes

Glucose

Amino acids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Starch

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas

Gallbladder

Parasitic nutrition

Saprotrophic nutrition

Holozoic nutrition

Autotrophic nutrition

To produce bile salts

To regulate the release of food from one organ to another

To increase the rate of chemical digestion

To absorb amino acids into the blood

6

10

12

1

Glucose and Oxygen

Carbon dioxide and Water

Nitrogen and Proteins

Chlorophyll and Sunlight

Stomach

Large Intestine

Small Intestine

Liver

Glucose

ATP and $NADPH$

Starch

Chlorophyll

Ribosome

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Lysosome

Esophagus

Larynx

Trachea

Pharynx

2

38

10

100

Iodine solution

Lime water

Methylene blue

Distilled water

Product A: 3 carbons; Product B: 2 carbons

Product A: 2 carbons; Product B: 3 carbons

Product A: 2 carbons; Product B: 2 carbons

Product A: 3 carbons; Product B: 3 carbons

Energy production in cells would increase

Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood would decrease

Carbon dioxide would not be produced

The person would breathe slower

$10 m^2$

$80 m^2$

$2 m^2$

$150 m^2$

The ribs are lifted up.

The volume of the chest cavity increases.

The air pressure inside the lungs increases.

The diaphragm flattens.

Increase the heart rate to normal levels.

Oxidize the accumulated lactic acid back into pyruvate or glucose.

Cool down the body temperature after intense work.

Remove the excess nitrogen absorbed from the air.

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Pulmonary Artery

Aorta

Renal Artery

Hepatic Artery

Oxygen transport would stop

Immunity would decrease

Blood would not clot at the site of injury

Blood pressure would increase

Transport of digested food

Transport of oxygen

Transport of nerve impulses

Transport of waste products

Blood flows only in one direction

Blood pressure remains constant

Oxygen is mixed with blood

Blood flows faster

$X$: Carbon dioxide; $Y$: Oxygen

$X$: Nitrogenous waste; $Y$: Nutrients

$X$: Oxygen; $Y$: Carbon dioxide

$X$: Plasma proteins; $Y$: Red blood cells

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

To carry oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

To receive deoxygenated blood from the body

To receive oxygenated blood from the lungs

It allows for the mixing of blood to balance body temperature.

It ensures that highly oxygenated blood is efficiently delivered to the body.

It allows the heart to pump at a slower rate.

It reduces the total volume of blood needed in the body.

Into the capillaries of the lungs.

Into the large veins (subclavian veins) near the heart.

Directly into the right atrium.

Into the hepatic portal vein.

The roots become the sink and the leaves become the source.

The stored sugar in the roots (source) moves to the developing buds (sink).

The transpiration pull reverses, pulling water from leaves to roots.

The phloem stops functioning to save energy.

They have complex kidneys

Waste is removed by simple diffusion from the body surface

They use a dialysis machine

They do not produce waste

2 Liters

10 Liters

180 Liters

500 Liters

Filtration

Reabsorption

Digestion

Secretion

Ureter

Bowman's capsule

Urinary bladder

Urethra

It can filter blood independently

It can contract and relax under nervous control

It can reabsorb glucose

It can produce urea

Filtration of blood

Reabsorption of water and sodium ions

Passage of urine to the bladder

Secretion of urea

Kidneys work faster in summer

Most water is lost through sweating

We drink less water in summer

The body requires more water for digestion

The blood glucose level exceeds the kidney's reabsorption threshold.

The person eats too much salt.

The Loop of Henle becomes too short.

The glomerulus becomes impermeable to glucose.

Between the cells of the PCT

Between the podocytes of the Bowman's capsule

In the walls of the renal vein

In the collecting duct membrane

The presence of valves at the junction.

The angle at which ureters enter the bladder and the pressure of the bladder wall.

The force of gravity pulling the urine down.

The presence of cilia in the ureters.