Electrochemistry

$Cu | Cu^{2+} || Zn^{2+} | Zn$

$Zn | Zn^{2+} || Cu^{2+} | Cu$

$Zn^{2+} | Zn || Cu | Cu^{2+}$

$Cu^{2+} | Cu || Zn | Zn^{2+}$

$1.00 \text{ V}$

$-1.00 \text{ V}$

$0.00 \text{ V}$

$0.50 \text{ V}$

From the copper electrode to the zinc electrode

From the zinc electrode to the copper electrode

From the salt bridge to the zinc electrode

From the copper electrode to the salt bridge

Oxidation

Reduction

Neutralization

Precipitation

A phase boundary between a solid and a liquid

The direction of electron flow

The salt bridge

The external wire connecting the electrodes

To complete the electrical circuit internally

To maintain the electrical neutrality of the electrolytes in the two half-cells

To increase the rate of the redox reaction by providing a catalyst

To prevent the mechanical mixing of the two electrolytic solutions

When the reaction reaches equilibrium

When the temperature is $0^\circ \text{C}$

When the pressure is $10\text{ atm}$

When the concentrations of all reactants and products are $1\text{ M}$

$Q = \frac{[A]^a [B]^b}{[C]^c [D]^d}$

$Q = \frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b}$

$Q = \frac{[C][D]}{[A][B]}$

$Q = [A]^a [B]^b [C]^c [D]^d$

0.0591 V

0.0257 V

8.314 V

96500 V

$\Lambda_m^0 = \lambda_{Al^{3+}}^0 + \lambda_{SO_4^{2-}}^0$

$\Lambda_m^0 = 2\lambda_{Al^{3+}}^0 + 3\lambda_{SO_4^{2-}}^0$

$\Lambda_m^0 = 3\lambda_{Al^{3+}}^0 + 2\lambda_{SO_4^{2-}}^0$

$\Lambda_m^0 = (2 \times 3)(\lambda_{Al^{3+}}^0 + \lambda_{SO_4^{2-}}^0)$

The ratio of resistance ($R$) to resistivity ($\rho$)

The ratio of the distance between electrodes ($l$) to the area of cross-section ($A$)

The ratio of conductivity ($\kappa$) to conductance ($G$)

All of the above

Both $\kappa$ and $\Lambda_m$ increase

Both $\kappa$ and $\Lambda_m$ decrease

$\kappa$ decreases while $\Lambda_m$ increases

$\kappa$ increases while $\Lambda_m$ decreases

$\Omega^{-1} \text{ cm}^{-1}$

$\text{S cm}^2 \text{ mol}^{-1}$

$\text{S mol}^{-1}$

$\Omega \text{ cm}^2 \text{ mol}$

0

0.5

1

Infinite

$\Lambda_m^\infty = x \lambda_+^\infty + y \lambda_-^\infty$

$\Lambda_m^\infty = \lambda_+^\infty + \lambda_-^\infty$

$\Lambda_m^\infty = x \lambda_+^\infty - y \lambda_-^\infty$

$\Lambda_m^\infty = \frac{\lambda_+^\infty}{x} + \frac{\lambda_-^\infty}{y}$

$C\ g^{-1}$

$g\ C^{-1}$

$g\ mol^{-1}$

$C\ mol^{-1}$

Lead is deposited at the anode

Reddish-brown vapors of bromine are evolved at the anode

Hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode

The electrolyte turns blue

$96500\ C$

$1.6 \times 10^{-19}\ C$

$6.022 \times 10^{23}\ C$

$48250\ C$

$PbO_2$

$Pb$

$PbSO_4$

$Pb(OH)_2$

It acts as a lubricant for the carbon rod

It functions as a depolarizer by oxidizing hydrogen to water

It serves as the primary electrolyte

It acts as the reducing agent at the anode

10% Aqueous $NaOH$ solution

Saturated $NH_4Cl$ solution

38% $H_2SO_4$ solution

Concentrated $HNO_3$

They release controlled amounts of $CO_2$

They produce ozone as a byproduct to heal the atmosphere

They generate high-frequency noise which is harmless

The only byproduct formed is water, making them eco-friendly

Potassium hydroxide ($KOH$)

Hydrochloric acid ($HCl$)

Sodium chloride ($NaCl$)

Sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$)

20-30%

40-50%

70-80%

95-100%

A high concentration of dissolved oxygen

A high concentration of $Fe^{2+}$ ions

Strained or bent portions of the metal

The presence of impurities within the metal

Moisture ($H_2O$)

Nitrogen gas ($N_2$)

Oxygen ($O_2$)

Iron ($Fe$)

$Fe_2O_3 \cdot xH_2O$

$FeO \cdot xH_2O$

$Fe_3O_4$

$Fe(OH)_2$