Biology: Genetics, Reproduction, and Biotechnology

Variations

Duplicates

Translations

Species

$T-A-C-G$

$A-T-G-C$

$G-C-A-T$

$U-A-C-G$

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

Completely different DNA

Exactly the same DNA as the original

Half the DNA of the original

No DNA

Somatic cell : Haploid ($n$)

Gamete : Diploid ($2n$)

Zygote : Diploid ($2n$)

Egg cell : Diploid ($2n$)

The sequence of bases in a gene

The number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell

The rate of protein synthesis

The different phenotypes in a population

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Metallic bonds

The treatment might not be effective for the patient

The cost of the treatment might be too high for most people

Changes made to the DNA will be passed on to future generations

The virus used to deliver the gene might cause an immune response

The shape determines how many calories the protein contains

The shape determines the protein's ability to bind to specific substrates or signals

The shape is what determines the sequence of the mRNA

The shape prevents the protein from being digested by the cell

To separate the two strands of the DNA double helix

To allow DNA primers to bind to the target DNA sequences

To allow Taq polymerase to extend the new DNA strand

To destroy any contaminating bacterial DNA

DNA

tRNA

Phosphate

Glucose

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Uracil

Ecology

Biotechnology

Geology

Physics

Increasing the use of chemical pesticides

Creating crops that can grow in harsh conditions

Making food more expensive

Reducing the flavor of vegetables

Exposure to high doses of lethal radiation

Errors in DNA replication that provide a survival advantage in a new environment

Correct transcription of every gene

The breakdown of proteins in the stomach

It is too cheap to be effective

It could lead to permanent changes in the human gene pool (germ-line editing)

It only works on plants and bacteria

It requires too much DNA from the patient

To unzip the DNA

To add new nucleotides to the leading strand

To join Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand

To synthesize the RNA primer

Tyrosine

Methionine

Stop codon

Leucine

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Errors during DNA replication

Certain chemicals/mutagens

All of the above

It acts as the template for the $mRNA$ synthesis.

It has the same sequence as the $mRNA$ (with T instead of U) but is not used as the template.

It is the strand that the ribosome binds to.

It is the strand that is destroyed after transcription.

Human

Dog

Bacteria

Sunflower

25%

50%

75%

100%

Prophase

Metaphase

Interphase

Anaphase

To provide energy for the cell

To store genetic information

To build the cell wall

To transport oxygen

To produce an exact genetic copy of an organism for conservation purposes.

To increase the total number of chromosomes in a cell to improve its growth rate.

To insert a specific beneficial gene from one organism into the DNA of another.

To prevent cells from undergoing cytokinesis during the cell cycle.

Homologous pairs

Sister chromatids

Daughter nuclei

Centromeres

A cell with two sets of chromosomes

A cell with only one set of chromosomes

A cell that has undergone mitosis

A cell with twice the normal amount of DNA

Chromatin is the protein, and Chromosomes are the DNA

Chromatin is the uncondensed form of DNA/protein, while Chromosomes are the highly condensed form seen during division

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus, while chromatin is found in the cytoplasm

Chromatin is only found in prokaryotes, while chromosomes are found in eukaryotes

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

The nuclear envelope reforms around haploid sets

DNA replication occurs for the second time

The potential for high costs of medical treatments

The destruction of an embryo to harvest the cells

The possibility of the cells becoming cancerous

The difficulty in matching the cells to the patient's immune system

The nymph has no legs

The nymph is usually smaller and lacks functional wings

The nymph lives in water while the adult lives in fire

The nymph is a different species

Ovary

Uterus

Fallopian tube

Stomach

Humans

Aphids

Dogs

Whales

To protect the seed from birds

To provide food for the developing embryo

To attract water for germination

To allow the seed to fly

Planting seeds from the best-tasting orange

Using grafting or cuttings from one high-quality tree

Cross-pollinating two different orange varieties

Allowing bees to naturally pollinate the grove

They are diploid cells.

They are produced by the process of mitosis.

They contain half the number of chromosomes of a body cell.

Sperm and egg cells are genetically identical to each other.

Germination

Metamorphosis

Regeneration

Fertilization

The inability to produce genetically diverse offspring.

The difficulty in finding a mate, necessitating mechanisms like water-borne gamete release.

The lack of energy needed to perform mitosis.

The high risk of mutations occurring during asexual budding.

It acts as a protective layer against predators.

It provides the necessary nutrients for the developing embryo until it can photosynthesize.

It attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies.

It contains the male gametes (sperm).

It doubles during spore formation and halves during fertilization.

It stays the same throughout the entire cycle.

It halves during meiosis to form spores and doubles during fertilization to form a zygote.

It increases during every mitotic division.

It makes everyone look exactly the same

It helps the species survive changes in the environment

It prevents reproduction

It decreases the lifespan of the organism

5

10

20

0

Differences between individuals of the same species

The process of breathing

How animals move

The way cells make energy

They always taste worse

They can be resistant to pests

They require more water

They have no DNA

Black fur

White fur

Grey fur

Black and white spotted fur

Both parents are homozygous dominant ($AA$)

One parent is $AA$ and the other is $Aa$

Both parents are heterozygous ($Aa$)

One parent is $Aa$ and the other is $aa$

The study of heredity

The physical appearance of an organism

The entire set of DNA found in an organism

A single pair of chromosomes

25%

50%

75%

0%

4 phenotypes, 6 genotypes

3 phenotypes, 4 genotypes

4 phenotypes, 4 genotypes

3 phenotypes, 3 genotypes

It increases the likelihood that some individuals will survive a change in the environment.

It ensures that all individuals in the population are identical and strong.

It prevents mutations from occurring in future generations.

It allows the population to reproduce at a much faster rate.

A type of predator

An early organism from which others have evolved

A modern-day pet

A plant that produces fruit

The variety of dog breeds

The color of the ocean

The height of Mt. Everest

The formation of fossils

Star patterns in the sky

Chemical reactions in a lab

Similarities and differences in the body structures of different species

How fast animals run

When two species become more similar

When one species evolves into two or more different forms

When a species stops evolving

When a species goes extinct immediately

The population will show an increase in the frequency of birds with medium-sized wings.

The birds with short wings will migrate to find an environment without severe storms.

All wing sizes will become equally common in the population to maintain high genetic diversity.

The birds will intentionally grow longer wings within their lifetime to become stronger against wind.

They are new adaptations that will eventually grow into legs for future land-dwelling descendants.

They are vestigial structures inherited from a land-dwelling ancestor that used its legs for walking.

They are analogous structures that evolved independently to help the whale dive into deeper water.

They are acquired traits caused by mutations from the whale's high-pressure ocean environment.

Natural selection

Artificial selection

Geographic isolation

Vestigial structures

Immediate extinction of the island's native species.

The founder effect followed by potential speciation.

An increase in the genetic diversity of the original population.

The iguanas immediately evolving gills to live in the ocean.

A complete and perfect history of all life that ever existed on Earth.

An incomplete but valuable record showing changes in life forms over geological time.

Evidence that all modern species appeared at the same time millions of years ago.

A collection of DNA samples extracted from ancient amber.

Extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate phenotype.

One extreme phenotype is favored over the other extreme and the intermediate.

The intermediate phenotype is favored, and extreme phenotypes are selected against.

Mutations occur at such a high rate that no phenotype is favored.

Rapid adaptation to an environmental change

A mistake that leads to bacterial death

A process that takes millions of years in bacteria

Artificial cooling

They are microscopic

They have a cell membrane

They have a nucleus containing their DNA

They can reproduce asexually

The number decreases

The number stays the same

The number increases

The bacteria all disappear

A special protein or enzyme that breaks down the drug

A thicker shell made of iron

The ability to turn invisible

A way to eat the doctor

Bacteria are evolving to be more complex and human-like.

Frequent use of antibiotics provides a strong selection pressure favoring resistant traits.

Bacteria have reached the final stage of their evolutionary path.

Evolution only happens when humans interfere with nature.

The temperature of the hospital room.

The presence of competing bacterial species.

The concentration of oxygen in the air.

The pH of the growth medium.

Acquired resistance

Physical avoidance

Nutritional deficiency

Symbiosis

The bacterium has a temporary 'dormant' metabolic state where it isn't growing, so the drug (which targets growth) doesn't work.

The bacterium is hiding inside a larger bacterium.

The bacterium has a permanent mutation that makes it invincible.

The bacterium is able to eat the antibiotic for energy.

Fungi and viruses do not have DNA.

Fungi are eukaryotes (like humans) and viruses use host machinery, making it harder to find targets that aren't toxic to the host.

Bacteria are the only organisms that can be killed by chemicals.

Viruses are only found in the air, not in the blood.

The bacterium grows a fake cell wall to distract the antibiotic.

The bacterium produces molecules that look like the drug's target, soaking up the antibiotic before it can reach the real targets.

The bacterium changes its shape to look like a human cell.

The bacterium produces a decoy antibiotic to kill other bacteria.

Choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together

Using robots to plant seeds

A form of cloning

Growing plants in the dark

Elephants

Bacteria

Trees

Whales

To make people run faster

To treat or prevent disease by inserting genes into a person's cells

To change a person's name

To study fossils

Water

Growth medium

Soda

Ink

To prevent the bacteria from mutating during the reproduction process.

To provide the necessary nutrients for the bacteria to synthesize human proteins.

To serve as a tool for scientists to identify and select the bacteria that successfully took up the plasmid.

To ensure that the gene of interest can be copied by the cell's enzymes during $DNA$ replication.

Putting the chromosomes in order of size

Determining the exact order of the four bases ($A$, $T$, $C$, $G$) in $DNA$

Determining the age of the $DNA$

Counting the number of cells in the human body

The study of plastic plants

Designing and constructing new biological parts or redesigning existing ones

A branch of biology that only uses computers and no living cells

The study of how fossils are formed

By changing the patient's blood type to match the donor

By editing the 'Human Leukocyte Antigen' (HLA) genes in donor organs to make them 'universal'

By making the patient's skin thicker so the organ doesn't fall out

By removing the immune system from the patient entirely

The maximum temperature a cell can survive

The number of times a normal somatic cell population will divide before cell division stops

The amount of oxygen a cell can consume in one hour

The speed at which DNA can be sequenced

The process of identifying the locations of genes and determining what those genes do

The process of coloring the DNA strands for better photos

The process of deleting unwanted genes from the genome

The process of linking two different genomes together

The source of the stem cells (e.g., embryos)

The color of the stem cells

The weight of the stem cells

The speed at which stem cells divide

The cell wall

The nucleus (DNA)

The vacuole

The chloroplast

Decreased genetic variation in the herd

Animals produce too much meat

Animals live too long

It makes the animals more diverse

The plant will die if weeds grow near it

The plant can survive being sprayed with weed-killer

The plant does not need any sunlight

The plant produces its own herbicides

Selective breeding; it leads to a decrease in the overall mutation rate of the wild plant population.

Cross-pollination; it could lead to the development of 'superweeds' that are resistant to herbicides.

Transgenic cloning; it ensures that all wild plants become genetically identical to the GM crop.

Bioremediation; it causes the wild plants to absorb harmful toxins from the GM crop's soil.

To warn people that the food is poisonous

To allow consumers to make informed choices based on their values

To show that the food is much cheaper than non-GMO food

To indicate that the food has no DNA in it

Selective breeding of the patient

Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector

Cloning the patient's entire body

A Punnett square calculation

The virus might give the patient a cold.

The virus might insert the new gene into a functional host gene, potentially causing cancer or other disorders.

The virus might fly away before it reaches the target cell.

The virus might turn the gene into a protein too quickly.

There is a 1 in 15 chance the suspect is guilty.

The probability that the DNA belongs to someone else is extremely low (often one in billions).

The suspect has 15 different types of DNA.

The suspect is a clone of the person who committed the crime.

Plastic made from recycled soda bottles.

Polylactic acid (PLA) produced by the fermentation of plant sugars by bacteria.

Plastic made from crude oil in a refinery.

Wood that has been painted to look like plastic.