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Our Environment - ECO 13.1 ECO13.1 ECO 13.1 ECO13.1 ECO -SYSTEM - WHA-SYSTEM - WHA-SYSTEM - WHA-SYSTEM - WHA-SYSTEM - WHA T ARE ITS COMPONENTS?T ARE ITS COMPONENTS?T ARE ITS COMPONENTS?T ARE ITS COMPONENTS?T ARE ITS COMPONENTS?

Grade 10CBSE

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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An Ecosystem consists of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact with each other to maintain a balance in nature.

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Biotic Components: Include all living organisms. These are classified into:

  1. Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms that produce food using Solar EnergySolar \ Energy (e.g., green plants, blue-green algae).
  2. Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that depend on producers for food. These include Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, and Parasites.
  3. Decomposers: Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead remains and waste products of organisms into simple inorganic substances.
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Abiotic Components: Include physical factors like TemperatureTemperature, RainfallRainfall, WindWind, SoilSoil, and MineralsMinerals.

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Natural Ecosystems: Examples include forests, ponds, and lakes. Artificial (Man-made) Ecosystems: Examples include gardens and crop fields.

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Energy Flow: Energy flow in an ecosystem is unidirectional. According to the 10%10 \% law, only 10%10 \% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

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Photosynthesis: The process by which producers convert light energy into chemical energy: 6CO2+12H2O→ChlorophyllSunlightC6H12O6+6O2+6H2O6CO_{2} + 12H_{2}O \xrightarrow[Chlorophyll]{Sunlight} C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} + 6O_{2} + 6H_{2}O

📐Formulae

Energy at next trophic level=10%×Energy at previous trophic levelEnergy \ at \ next \ trophic \ level = 10 \% \times Energy \ at \ previous \ trophic \ level

Energyn+1=Energyn×0.1Energy_{n+1} = Energy_{n} \times 0.1

Percentage of energy transfer=Energy in higher levelEnergy in lower level×100Percentage \ of \ energy \ transfer = \frac{Energy \ in \ higher \ level}{Energy \ in \ lower \ level} \times 100

💡Examples

Problem 1:

In a food chain consisting of Grass →\rightarrow Deer →\rightarrow Lion, if the amount of energy available at the producer level (Grass) is 20,000 J20,000 \ J, how much energy will be available to the Lion?

Solution:

  1. Energy at Producer level (Grass) = 20,000 J20,000 \ J.
  2. Energy available to Primary Consumer (Deer) = 10% of 20,000 J10 \% \text{ of } 20,000 \ J: EDeer=10100×20,000=2,000 JE_{Deer} = \frac{10}{100} \times 20,000 = 2,000 \ J
  3. Energy available to Secondary Consumer (Lion) = 10% of 2,000 J10 \% \text{ of } 2,000 \ J: ELion=10100×2,000=200 JE_{Lion} = \frac{10}{100} \times 2,000 = 200 \ J

Explanation:

According to the 10%10 \% law of energy transfer, only 10%10 \% of the energy available at one trophic level is passed on to the next level. The rest is lost as heat to the environment or used for biological processes.

Problem 2:

Identify the biotic and abiotic components in a pond ecosystem.

Solution:

  • Biotic components: Fish, aquatic plants (phytoplankton), frogs, bacteria, and insects.
  • Abiotic components: Water, dissolved oxygen (O2O_{2}), dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2CO_{2}), sunlight, and temperature.

Explanation:

Biotic components refer to all living things that interact within the pond, while abiotic components are the non-living chemical and physical factors that support the living organisms.