Chemical Bonding and Structure

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Highly ordered structure

Held together by electrostatic forces

Contains discrete molecular units

High melting point

$ZnCl$

$Zn_{2}Cl$

$ZnCl_{2}$

$Zn_{2}Cl_{2}$

Two single bonds

One double bond

One triple bond including a dative bond

One ionic bond

$90^{\circ}$

$107^{\circ}$

$109.5^{\circ}$

$120^{\circ}$

Covalent bonds are weak

The molecule is linear

Weak intermolecular forces between molecules

Carbon and oxygen have similar electronegativity

A hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom.

A hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom like N, O, or F.

A central atom with no lone pairs.

The molecule must be non-polar.

$CH_4$

$C_2H_6$

$C_3H_8$

$C_4H_{10}$

It increases because the number of electrons increases.

It decreases because the atomic radius increases.

It remains constant.

It increases because electronegativity increases.

1

2

3

4

They have low melting points

They are insulators

They are malleable

They form acidic oxides

Using an atom with a larger radius

Increasing the number of delocalized electrons per atom

Decreasing the number of protons in the nucleus

Heating the substance to near its melting point