Neural Control and Coordination - Brain (forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain)

The human brain is protected by the skull and three layers of cranial meninges: the outer Dura mater, the middle Arachnoid, and the inner Pia mater.

The Forebrain (Prosencephalon) consists of the Cerebrum, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus. The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres connected by the tract of nerve fibers called the $corpus\ callosum$.

The Cerebral Cortex (grey matter) contains motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas. The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere consists of white matter due to the presence of $myelin\ sheaths$.

The Hypothalamus is the center for controlling body temperature (thermoregulation), urge for eating and drinking, and it secretes hypothalamic hormones.

The Limbic System is formed by the inner parts of cerebral hemispheres and deep structures like the amygdala and hippocampus. It regulates sexual behavior, emotions (excitement, pleasure, fear), and motivation.

The Midbrain (Mesencephalon) is located between the thalamus/hypothalamus and the pons. It contains the $cerebral\ aqueduct$ and four round swellings (lobes) called $corpora\ quadrigemina$.

The Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) comprises the Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla oblongata. The cerebellum has a very convoluted surface to provide additional space for many more neurons.

The Medulla oblongata contains centers which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.

The Brain Stem is formed by the $\text{Midbrain} + \text{Pons} + \text{Medulla\ oblongata}$ and forms the connection between the brain and the spinal cord.