Neural Control and Coordination

Relays impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

Relays impulses from CNS to involuntary organs

Relays impulses from skeletal muscles to CNS only

Controls the heartbeat

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

Multidirectional

Circular

Sensory

Motor

Interneuron

Unipolar

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Hypoblast

Myelin

Neurofilaments and microtubules

Nissl's granules

Synaptic vesicles

The outside becomes negative and the inside becomes positive

Both sides become positive

Both sides become negative

The potential reaches -90 mV

By increasing the amplitude of the action potential

By increasing the frequency of action potentials

By slowing down the speed of the impulse

By using larger neurotransmitter molecules

Equally permeable to $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ions.

Impermeable to all ions.

Comparatively more permeable to $K^+$ and nearly impermeable to $Na^+$.

More permeable to $Na^+$ than to $K^+$.

It allows only hydrated $Na^+$ ions to pass.

It uses carbonyl oxygens to strip water molecules from $K^+$ ions specifically.

It pumps $K^+$ against its concentration gradient using ATP.

It closes the channel when the membrane potential becomes negative.

The entire neuron dies due to lack of oxygen.

The part of the axon distal to the site of injury degenerates.

The myelin sheath thickens to compensate for nerve damage.

Neurotransmitters are converted into inhibitory ones after trauma.

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Amygdala

To control voluntary limb movements

To relay impulses to skeletal muscles

To regulate involuntary organs and smooth muscles

To process visual information in the retina

Cerebrum

Midbrain

Medulla

Cerebellum

Vigorous exercise

Relaxation after a meal

Sudden fright

Intense concentration during an exam

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Basal ganglia

Medulla oblongata

Outer gray matter and inner white matter

Inner gray matter and outer white matter

Gray and white matter are mixed throughout

There is only gray matter in the spinal cord

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Cerebrum

Midbrain

Medulla

Intense happiness and joy

Deep relaxation and sleepiness

Fear or aggression

Hunger and thirst

Ventral and dorsal roots

Funiculi

Ganglia

Sulci

Total permeability to all ions

Differential permeability to various ions

Total impermeability to all ions

Presence of chlorophyll

An enzyme that breaks down sodium

A transmembrane protein for active transport

A structural protein in the myelin

A receptor for light

Changes in temperature

Movement of ions through channels

Movement of organelles

Flow of blood near the axon

Several minutes

A few seconds

A few milliseconds

One hour

It is more excitable than at rest

The $Na^{+}$ channels are open

It is in a relative refractory period

The $K^{+}$ concentration is higher outside than inside

Threshold potential

Resting potential

Positive values

Zero

Unequal distribution of ions and differential permeability

Equal movement of $Na^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ ions

The absence of ion channels

The flow of electrons through the lipid bilayer

It decreases, meaning the signal dies out quickly.

It increases, meaning the signal travels further before decaying.

It remains constant, as it only depends on the diameter.

It becomes zero, preventing any signal propagation.

The speed of the $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ pump.

The duration of the absolute refractory period.

The availability of glucose for ATP production.

The length of the axon.

Into the cell, because of the electrical gradient.

Out of the cell, because the chemical gradient outweighs the electrical gradient.

No net flow, because the neuron is at rest.

Out of the cell, because both gradients are directed outward.

Receptor $\rightarrow$ Motor neuron $\rightarrow$ CNS $\rightarrow$ Sensory neuron $\rightarrow$ Effector

Effector $\rightarrow$ Motor neuron $\rightarrow$ CNS $\rightarrow$ Sensory neuron $\rightarrow$ Receptor

Receptor $\rightarrow$ Sensory neuron $\rightarrow$ CNS $\rightarrow$ Motor neuron $\rightarrow$ Effector

CNS $\rightarrow$ Receptor $\rightarrow$ Sensory neuron $\rightarrow$ Motor neuron $\rightarrow$ Effector

Faster

Controlled by the cerebrum

Slower

Always involves glands

In the spinal cord

In the sense organs or skin

In the motor nerves

In the brain stem

Filum terminale

Cauda equina

Conus medullaris

Reflex bundle

The use of multiple interneurons

The involvement of the cerebral cortex

The short pathway and limited number of synapses

The delay at the neuromuscular junction

Dorsal root

Ventral root

Central canal

Dorsal root ganglion

Axon hillock of the motor neuron

Synapse in the gray matter

Sensory receptor

Ventral root

A slow, deliberate response to an internal stimulus

A rapid, involuntary, and predictable response to a stimulus

Any movement coordinated by the cerebellum

The voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles

The peripheral nociceptors

The upper motor neurons or descending tracts

The dorsal root ganglion

The neuromuscular junction

The afferent and efferent neurons always travel in the same nerve bundle throughout the body

The afferent neuron enters the spinal cord through the ventral root

The efferent neuron leaves the spinal cord through the ventral root

The interneuron is always located in the white matter

Cochlea

Incus

External auditory canal

Oval window

Ganglion cells

Bipolar cells

Photoreceptor cells

Keratinocytes

Crista

Macula

Corti

Basilar

Round window

Oval window

Helicotrema

Eustachian tube

Vitreous chamber; Vitreous humor

Aqueous chamber; Aqueous humor

Vitreous chamber; Aqueous humor

Aqueous chamber; Vitreous humor

Retina

Iris

Sclera

Lens

Middle ear

External ear

Inner ear

Eustachian tube

Continuously replaced and drained

A clear, gel-like substance that is not typically replaced during life

Located in the anterior chamber of the eye

Responsible for the nutrition of the cornea

Convert electrical signals into mechanical vibrations

Amplify the pressure of sound waves to overcome the resistance of inner ear fluid

Filter out high-frequency noises to protect the cochlea

Generate endolymph through the vibration of the stapes

Cones are absent in the fovea centralis

Rods are most concentrated in the central fovea

Rods are absent in the central fovea and increase in density towards the periphery

Cones and rods are distributed equally throughout the entire retina

To produce perilymph

To equalize air pressure

To increase the efficiency of transmission of sound waves

To maintain dynamic balance

Blind spot

Fovea centralis

Optic disc

Cornea

Stapes

Incus

Malleus

Ethmoid

Round window

Oval window

Helicotrema

Basilar membrane

They contain the macula, which is the sensory ridge responsible for maintaining static equilibrium.

They are two in number and are primarily responsible for equalizing air pressure on either side of the eardrum.

They are three in number, each lying in a different plane at right angles to each other.

They are located in the middle ear cavity and function to amplify sound vibrations before they reach the cochlea.

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

Scala media

Middle ear cavity

White in color

Bluish in color

Red in color

Yellow in color

It provides a structural polarity for the hair cell to detect the direction of displacement.

It acts as a propeller to move the endolymph within the canals.

It is the primary site for the regeneration of ATP within the inner ear.

It connects the vestibular apparatus to the Eustachian tube.

The fovea centralis

The optic disc

The canal of Schlemm

The ora serrata

The apex is wider and more flexible than the base.

The apex is narrower and stiffer than the base.

The apex contains only rods while the base contains only cones.

The apex is in contact with the stapes while the base is near the helicotrema.

Impulse will travel faster

Neurotransmitter release will fail

Vesicles will burst instantly

The neuron will switch to electrical synapse

Impulses travel in both directions

Receptors are only on the post-synaptic membrane

Vesicles are only on the post-synaptic membrane

Axons are shorter than dendrites

Type of neurotransmitter

Type of receptor

Both A and B

Size of the neuron

Influx of $Na^{+}$

Influx of $Ca^{2+}$

Efflux of $K^{+}$

Presence of Oxygen

High concentration of $K^{+}$ in the cleft

Localization of neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic membrane

Presence of myelin on the post-synaptic neuron

The thickness of the axon terminal

Graded potential

Action potential

Resting potential

Equilibrium potential

Increased muscle contraction

Blocking of nerve impulse transmission to muscles

Permanent depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane

Faster reuptake of acetylcholine

Post-synaptic membrane; Pre-synaptic membrane

Pre-synaptic membrane; Post-synaptic membrane

Synaptic cleft; Axon terminal

Axon hillock; Dendrite

In the nodes of Ranvier.

In the cell body (soma) and sometimes in the axon terminal.

In the myelin sheath.

In the synaptic cleft.

Serotonin levels in the cleft will drop rapidly.

The post-synaptic neuron will be less likely to fire.

Serotonin will stay in the cleft longer, prolonging its effect on the post-synaptic membrane.

The pre-synaptic neuron will produce more Serotonin to compensate.

Medulla

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Pons

Nephron

Neuron

Axon

Dendrite

Two

Three

Four

Five

Base of the thalamus

Top of the cerebrum

Behind the cerebellum

Inside the medulla

Communication and speech areas

Inter-sensory association areas

Neurosecretory cells

Memory processing areas

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Thalamus

Hunger

Thirst

Thinking and Logic

Body Temperature

They secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the third ventricle.

They contain large ascending and descending nerve tracts that connect the forebrain to the hindbrain.

They are the primary site for the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.

They coordinate the movement of the eyeballs in response to light.

Midbrain; it is the only nerve to control eye movement.

Pons; it is the only nerve that is strictly sensory.

Medulla oblongata; it extends down to the thorax and abdomen to control visceral organs.

Forebrain; it is the only nerve that does not relay through the thalamus.

The elevated ridges on the cerebral surface.

The shallow grooves between the ridges of the cerebral cortex.

The deep fissures that divide the brain into lobes.

The fluid-filled cavities within the brain.