Body Fluids and Circulation

RBCs

WBCs

Plasma

Platelets

60-65%

2-3%

20-25%

6-8%

Thrombin

Thrombokinase

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

20%

50%

80%

100%

$Na^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $HCO_{3}^{-}$

$Au^{+}$, $Ag^{+}$, $Pt^{2+}$

$U^{4+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$

Only $NaCl$

Release of tissue thromboplastin from damaged cells.

Activation of Factor XII by contact with collagen.

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Interaction of thrombin with calcium.

2-3 liters

5-6 liters

8-10 liters

12-15 liters

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

Neutrophils > Monocytes > Lymphocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

Lymphocytes > Neutrophils > Monocytes > Basophils > Eosinophils

Basophils > Eosinophils > Monocytes > Lymphocytes > Neutrophils

Only other O negative individuals.

Individuals with A positive and B positive blood groups only.

All individuals regardless of their ABO or Rh blood group.

Only individuals with Rh-negative blood.

Thrombin formation --> Fibrin network --> Fibrinogen activation

Thrombokinase formation --> Prothrombin to Thrombin --> Fibrinogen to Fibrin

Platelet aggregation --> Fibrinogen formation --> Thrombin activation

$Ca^{2+}$ release --> Heparin activation --> Fibrin formation

Lymphatic nodes

Tissue fluid

Red blood cells

Artery walls

Lymph carries more CO$_2$ than arterial blood

Lymph carries no CO$_2$ at all

CO$_2$ is only transported by RBCs

Lymph carries only oxygen

Increase in blood pressure

Swelling of tissues (edema)

Instant death of all cells

Conversion of lymph to blood

Lungs and Heart

Lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus

Liver and Gallbladder

Stomach and Intestines

The high water content

The presence of specialized lymphocytes

The absorbed fat molecules

The low concentration of glucose

Fats are absorbed into blood capillaries and go straight to the heart.

Fats are absorbed into lacteals, travel through the lymphatic system, and enter the blood via the subclavian vein.

Fats are converted into proteins in the lymph nodes before entering the blood.

Fats never enter the blood; they are stored permanently in the lymphatic system.

The node secretes large amounts of albumin.

The node adds antibodies (immunoglobulins) produced by plasma cells.

The node reabsorbs water, concentrating the existing proteins.

The node breaks down red blood cells into protein fragments.

They are two completely independent systems with no fluid exchange.

The lymphatic system is a one-way accessory route that returns fluid and proteins from the tissue spaces to the blood.

The circulatory system is an evolutionary descendant of the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system pumps blood to the lungs while the circulatory system pumps it to the body.

The capillary wall is a perfect semi-permeable membrane.

The capillary wall is freely permeable to small ions.

Ions are actively transported into the lymphatic vessels.

Lymph is formed by the active secretion of water by tissue cells.

It is the node that produces the most antibodies.

It is the first node that receives lymph drainage from a tumor site, indicating the start of metastasis.

It is the largest node in the body and easiest to find.

It is the only node that can regenerate itself.

Atrial walls are thicker

Atrial walls are thinner

They have the same thickness

Atria do not have muscular walls

100/60 mmHg

120/80 mmHg

140/90 mmHg

150/100 mmHg

Calcium and Fat

Cholesterol and Fibrous tissue

Calcium, Fat, Cholesterol and Fibrous tissue

Glucose and Proteins

Relaxation of heart chambers

Contraction of heart chambers

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Blood flow into the coronary arteries

The number of P-waves

The number of QRS complexes

The number of T-waves

The total duration of the P-R interval

$80/120$

$120/80$

$140/90$

$100/50$

Sudden stopping of heart beat

Congestion of the lungs

Sudden damage to heart muscle due to inadequate blood supply

Inability of heart to pump blood effectively

$Na^{+}$

$K^{+}$

$Ca^{2+}$

$Mg^{2+}$

Cardiac Output

Stroke Volume

End-Diastolic Volume

Minute Volume

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Purkinje fibers

Bundle of His

Opening of AV valves

Closure of AV valves

Opening of semilunar valves

Closure of semilunar valves

Stroke Volume

Cardiac Output

Blood Pressure

Pulse Pressure

It marks the end of a beat

One QRS complex represents one heartbeat

It represents the resting phase

It shows the atrial contraction

Atrio-ventricular node

Sino-atrial node

Bundle of His

Left bundle branch

The width of the P-wave

The peak of the T-wave

The frequency of the QRS complex

The duration of the P-R interval

Increasing end-systolic volume

Decreasing end-diastolic volume

Increasing the strength of ventricular contraction

Decreasing the heart rate only

Atrial systole

Ventricular systole

Joint diastole

All phases have equal duration

Atrial depolarization and repolarization

The entire period of ventricular electrical activity

The time between two heartbeats

The delay between atrial and ventricular contraction

$5.04 \times 10^{-3} m^3/min$

$50.4 L/min$

$5.04 mL/sec$

$0.504 L/min$

Atrial depolarization

Conduction delay at the AV node

Ventricular depolarization

Total atrial electrical activity

Heart to Lungs to Heart

Heart to Body to Heart

Lungs to Body to Lungs

Heart to Heart

RA $\rightarrow$ RV $\rightarrow$ Lungs $\rightarrow$ LA $\rightarrow$ LV

LA $\rightarrow$ LV $\rightarrow$ Lungs $\rightarrow$ RA $\rightarrow$ RV

RV $\rightarrow$ RA $\rightarrow$ Lungs $\rightarrow$ LV $\rightarrow$ LA

LV $\rightarrow$ LA $\rightarrow$ Lungs $\rightarrow$ RV $\rightarrow$ RA

Pulmonary trunk

Aortic system

Venous system

Pulmonary veins

Human

Pigeon

Frog

Whale

Oxygenated, Deoxygenated

Deoxygenated, Oxygenated

Nutrient-rich, Nutrient-poor

High pressure, Low pressure

Renal Vein

Hepatic Vein

Hepatic Portal Vein

Pulmonary Artery

Hepatic Artery

Hepatic Vein

Renal Vein

Common Bile Duct

During ventricular systole, when aortic pressure is highest.

During ventricular diastole, when the heart muscle is relaxed and not compressing the coronary vessels.

During atrial systole only.

Equally during both systole and diastole.

Opening of the mitral valve.

A brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve.

Contraction of the right atrium.

The rush of blood through the capillaries.

The Pulmonary Vein carries deoxygenated blood; the Vena Cava carries oxygenated blood.

The Pulmonary Vein carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium; the Vena Cava carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

The Pulmonary Vein has a much thicker wall than the Vena Cava.

The Vena Cava originates from the lungs.

The Autonomic Nervous System

The Somatic Nervous System

Direct connection to the skeletal muscles

The Cerebellum

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Somatic

Central

The ANS

Hormones

Both ANS and Hormones

Neither ANS nor Hormones

Parasympathetic activity increases

Sympathetic activity increases

Adrenaline levels decrease

Heart rate decreases

It is entirely under voluntary control

The SA node is the only regulator

Neural and hormonal factors work together to adjust output

The brain cannot influence the heart rate

Increase proportionally

Remain exactly the same

Decrease

Become zero

They increase it

They decrease it

They maintain it at a constant level

They cause it to fluctuate randomly

Running a marathon

Deep sleep or resting in a relaxed state

Experiencing a sudden fright

Standing up quickly after lying down

By sending inhibitory signals through the spinal cord to the heart

By increasing the frequency of action potentials in the Vagus nerve

By stimulating the adrenal medulla to release Acetylcholine

By causing peripheral vasodilation

Directly stimulating the SA node's $\beta_1$ receptors

Blocking the effects of Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors

Increasing the release of Noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves

Activating the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus

Cardiac arrest

Heart failure

Heart attack

Angina

Excessive exercise

Inadequate blood supply

Bacterial infection

Excessive oxygen

80 mmHg

100 mmHg

120 mmHg

140 mmHg

It only occurs in people over 80

It is caused by excessive oxygen in the blood

It appears as acute chest pain

It is a condition where the heart stops beating

The valves of the heart

The vessels that supply the heart muscle

The electrical conduction system only

The lymphatic vessels of the thorax

Cardiac arrest

Heart failure

Heart attack

Angina

Increased memory and cognitive function

Risk of hemorrhages and stroke

Increased growth of neurons

Thickening of the skull

Heart failure is sudden, while cardiac arrest is chronic.

In heart failure, the heart continues to beat but inefficiently; in cardiac arrest, it stops beating.

Heart failure only affects the lungs, while cardiac arrest affects the brain.

Cardiac arrest is a type of chest pain, while heart failure is a blockage.

Calcium salts

Fibrous tissue

Cholesterol crystals

Phospholipids

Hypertensive

Normal/Healthy

Critical Emergency

Heart Failure