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Body Fluids and Circulation - Disorders (Hypertension, CAD, Angina pectoris, Heart failure)

Grade 11CBSEBiology

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): It is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80 mmHg120/80 \text{ mmHg}). If repeated checks show a pressure of 140/90 mmHg140/90 \text{ mmHg} or higher, it indicates hypertension, which can lead to heart diseases and affect vital organs like the brain and kidneys.

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Often referred to as atherosclerosis, it affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle. It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues, which make the lumen of arteries narrower.

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Angina Pectoris: Also known as 'angina', it is a symptom of acute chest pain that appears when no enough oxygen (O2O_2) is reaching the heart muscle. It can occur in men and women of any age but is more common among the middle-aged and elderly.

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Heart Failure: It is the state of the heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body. It is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms.

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Distinction in Cardiac Events: Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply).

📐Formulae

Normal Blood Pressure=120 mmHg (Systolic)80 mmHg (Diastolic)\text{Normal Blood Pressure} = \frac{120 \text{ mmHg (Systolic)}}{80 \text{ mmHg (Diastolic)}}

Pulse Pressure=Systolic Pressure−Diastolic Pressure\text{Pulse Pressure} = \text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure}

Cardiac Output (CO)=Stroke Volume (SV)×Heart Rate (HR)\text{Cardiac Output (CO)} = \text{Stroke Volume (SV)} \times \text{Heart Rate (HR)}

💡Examples

Problem 1:

A patient records a consistent blood pressure of 155/100 mmHg155/100 \text{ mmHg}. Calculate the pulse pressure and identify the clinical condition.

Solution:

Pulse Pressure = 155 mmHg−100 mmHg=55 mmHg155 \text{ mmHg} - 100 \text{ mmHg} = 55 \text{ mmHg}. The clinical condition is Hypertension.

Explanation:

Since the blood pressure exceeds the threshold of 140/90 mmHg140/90 \text{ mmHg}, the patient is diagnosed with hypertension. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Problem 2:

During an angiogram, a doctor observes that the lumen of the coronary artery is narrowed due to Ca2+Ca^{2+} and cholesterol deposits. Name the condition.

Solution:

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Atherosclerosis.

Explanation:

CAD is characterized by the buildup of plaque (fat, cholesterol, and calcium) in the arteries supplying the heart, which restricts blood flow by narrowing the lumen.

Disorders (Hypertension, CAD, Angina pectoris, Heart failure) Revision - Class 11 Biology CBSE