Human Physiology

Dendrites

Cell bodies

Axon terminals

Nuclei

They turn into electrical impulses

They bind to receptors on the next neuron

They enter the bloodstream

They are converted into hormones

Voluntary action

Reflex arc

Learned behavior

Thought process

Axon

Dendrite

Cell body

Alveolus

Dendrite

Cell body

Axon

Synaptic knob

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Skull (Cranium)

Vertebral column

They all travel at the same speed regardless of the neuron type

Impulses in myelinated axons travel faster than in unmyelinated axons

Sensory impulses travel much slower than motor impulses

Impulse speed is determined by the strength of the stimulus

A small action potential will be generated.

An action potential will be generated, but it will travel slower than usual.

No action potential will be generated.

The neuron will immediately hyperpolarize to $-90mV$.

Acting as the immune system of the CNS.

Producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Wrapping around axons to provide insulation.

Connecting neurons to blood vessels for nutrient exchange.

It becomes more negative as $K^{+}$ leaves the cell.

It becomes less negative (moves toward zero or becomes positive) as $Na^{+}$ enters the cell.

It stays at $-70mV$ because the pump is working harder.

It drops to $-90mV$ due to the influx of $Cl^{-}$ ions.

Enzymes

Hormones

Antibodies

Vitamins

The brain

The liver

The lungs

The heart

Temporary and very short

Lasting for a longer period of time

Instantaneous

Electrical in nature

The pituitary

The adrenal

The thyroid

The pancreas

Glucose

Amino acids

Cholesterol

Nucleotides

The Thyroid Gland

The Adrenal Cortex

The Pancreas

The Ovaries

The stimulus must always be an external change in the environment.

The receptor is always a nerve ending in the skin.

The effector is typically a gland or a specific organ like the liver.

The response is always an immediate muscle contraction.

To stimulate the production of milk in the mammary glands.

To increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and dilate the cervix.

To calm the mother's nervous system before labor begins.

To prevent the fetus from moving too much in the uterus.

Hypothalamus (GnRH) $\rightarrow$ Anterior Pituitary (LH) $\rightarrow$ Leydig Cells (Testosterone).

Anterior Pituitary (FSH) $\rightarrow$ Hypothalamus (GnRH) $\rightarrow$ Sertoli Cells (Testosterone).

Adrenal Cortex (ACTH) $\rightarrow$ Pituitary (LH) $\rightarrow$ Testes (Testosterone).

Hypothalamus (LH) $\rightarrow$ Pituitary (GnRH) $\rightarrow$ Seminiferous Tubules (Testosterone).

The time it takes for the hormone to reach its target organ.

The time required for the concentration of the hormone in the blood to reduce by 50%.

The duration for which the hormone remains bound to its receptor.

The amount of time the gland takes to synthesize half of the required dose.

To break down food

To remove metabolic waste and balance water

To produce red blood cells

To pump blood to the lungs

Osmoregulators keep internal salt levels constant

Osmoconformers live only in fresh water

Osmoregulators change with the environment

Humans are osmoconformers

Effector

Control center

Receptor

Hormone

Sunlight

Hot food

Internal metabolic reactions

Clothing

Digestive and Respiratory

Nervous and Endocrine

Skeletal and Muscular

Circulatory and Integumentary

Water would enter the cell by osmosis, causing it to swell or burst

Water would leave the cell, causing it to shrivel

The cell would start producing more glucose to balance the water

There would be no change as cells are not affected by plasma concentration

High pressure stretching the artery walls

Nerve impulses sent to the brain

Decreased heart rate and dilation of blood vessels

The brain processing that the pressure is too high

The regulation of red blood cell production by erythropoietin

The regulation of blood glucose by insulin

The regulation of body temperature by sweating

The regulation of calcium by the thyroid

Decrease in temperature

Decrease in $P_{CO_2}$

Increase in $pH$

Increase in $H^{+}$ concentration (decrease in $pH$)

The pancreas secretes glucose into the kidneys to lower blood sugar

The glucose concentration in the blood exceeds the 'renal threshold' for reabsorption

The kidneys are damaged and can no longer filter any molecules

Insulin normally breaks down glucose in the bladder

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Valve node

Capillary bed

Aorta base

Thinner and less elastic

Thicker and more elastic

The same thickness

Non-existent

Excretion

Ventilation

Digestion

Absorption

Bright blue

Clear

Dark red

Green

Aorta $\rightarrow$ Systemic Arteries $\rightarrow$ Capillaries $\rightarrow$ Systemic Veins $\rightarrow$ Vena Cava

Pulmonary Artery $\rightarrow$ Lungs $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary Vein $\rightarrow$ Left Atrium

Vena Cava $\rightarrow$ Right Atrium $\rightarrow$ Right Ventricle $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary Artery

Aorta $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary Vein $\rightarrow$ Capillaries $\rightarrow$ Vena Cava

Pressure increases above atmospheric pressure

Pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure

Pressure stays exactly equal to atmospheric pressure

Pressure doubles to force oxygen into the blood

Only oxygenated blood

Only deoxygenated blood

A mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Blood that has just returned from the lungs

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

The exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells.

The metabolic process of using glucose and oxygen to produce $ATP$ in the mitochondria.

The movement of air through the bronchioles and into the alveolar sacs.

Insulin

Acetylcholine

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Thyroxine

It helps push blood forward during ventricular diastole.

It prevents the semilunar valves from opening too wide.

It reduces the pressure of blood as it enters the capillaries.

It prevents the artery from expanding when the heart contracts.

Fruit juice

Soft drinks

Water

Milk

Fat

Protein

Starch

Vitamin C

Improving night vision

Helping the body absorb calcium

Preventing bleeding gums

Energy production

Starch

Proteins

Lipids

Vitamins

To build muscle mass quickly

To maximize glycogen stores for sustained energy

To prevent dehydration during the race

To speed up the nervous system

Production of red blood cells

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

Assisting in enzyme reactions and bone structure

Transporting oxygen in the blood

Lipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids

EAR is for individuals; RDA is for the whole world.

EAR meets the needs of 50% of the population; RDA is set higher to meet the needs of 97-98% of the population.

RDA is the maximum safe limit; EAR is the minimum needed to survive.

There is no difference; they are interchangeable terms.

It speeds up the oxidation of glucose for energy.

It prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes by neutralizing free radicals.

It prevents the blood from carrying too much oxygen.

It helps the body store oxygen in the muscles.

Fructose is only used by the brain, whereas glucose is used by all cells.

Fructose is primarily metabolized in the liver, where it can be more easily converted into triglycerides (fat).

Glucose cannot be stored as glycogen, while fructose can.

Fructose requires insulin for entry into all body cells, whereas glucose does not.

Stomach

Esophagus

Small intestine

Large intestine

Salivary amylase

Pancreatic lipase

Pepsin

Trypsin

Amino acids

Fatty acids

Glucose

Starch

Esophagus

Large Intestine

Small Intestine

Stomach

Substance X is lipase; Enzyme Y catalyzes physical digestion

Substance X is bile; Enzyme Y catalyzes chemical digestion

Substance X is amylase; Enzyme Y catalyzes chemical digestion

Substance X is bile; Enzyme Y catalyzes physical digestion

Large fat droplets

Amino acids

Undigested cellulose

Vitamin D

Mechanical digestion

Assimilation

Chemical digestion

Egestion

The kidney

The lungs

The anus

The skin

They break peptide bonds in the middle of a polypeptide chain.

They remove individual amino acids from the ends of a polypeptide chain.

They convert amino acids into glucose via deamination.

They synthesize new proteins from absorbed amino acids.

To emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets.

To provide the optimum acidic pH for pepsin activity.

To hydrolyze starch into maltose.

To neutralize the alkaline bile coming from the liver.

Glucose

Vitamin C

Fats

Protein

Rice

Beef

Butter

Orange

Protein test

Starch test

Lipid test

Sugar test

Qualitative

Quantitative

Both

Neither

Blue

Green

Brick-red

Purple

To ensure the Vitamin C reacts completely with the DCPIP

To prevent the solution from getting too hot

To allow the protein to settle at the bottom

To make sure the Iodine doesn't evaporate

To provide the alkaline conditions necessary for the copper ions to react

To neutralize any acid in the food

To break down the proteins into amino acids

To act as a color indicator

Benedict's solution can be safely tasted to confirm sweetness

Ethanol should be kept away from open flames as it is highly flammable

Biuret reagent is safe to get on skin as it only reacts with food proteins

Iodine solution should be boiled to increase its reactivity

The sample contains only glucose

The sample contains only starch

The sample contains no reducing or non-reducing sugars

The acid used was not concentrated enough

Blue to purple

Blue to colorless

Colorless to blue

Yellow to blue-black

Small intestine

Stomach

Pancreas

Rectum

It decreases

It increases

It stays exactly the same

It becomes a vacuum

Blood in the pulmonary vein

Blood in the pulmonary artery

Blood in the aorta

Blood in the left atrium

Highly acidic

Highly alkaline

Neutral

Slightly basic

Glucose and galactose

Amino acids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Peptides and water

They contract to pull the ribcage upward and outward.

They remain relaxed while the external intercostal muscles contract.

They contract to pull the ribcage downward and inward.

They relax to allow the diaphragm to move downward.

Pulmonary arteries

Carotid arteries

Coronary arteries

Renal arteries

Inability to digest proteins in the stomach.

Decreased ability to emulsify and absorb fats.

Increased $pH$ in the small intestine.

Overproduction of salivary amylase.

It allows for faster blood flow through the tissues.

It increases the resistance to blood flow, raising blood pressure.

It maximizes the efficiency of gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues.

It prevents the leakage of plasma proteins into the interstitial fluid.

The heart rate is controlled solely by the autonomic nervous system.

The contraction of the heart is initiated by the muscle cells themselves (the SA node) without external nerve stimulus.

The heart requires a constant supply of calcium from the skeletal muscles to contract.

The heart can only beat if the brain sends a signal via the vagus nerve.

Growing taller

Working together of different parts to produce a response

Digesting food

Breathing in and out

Eye

Ear

Nose

Tongue

They could not move their muscles

They could not detect stimuli from the environment

Their brain would stop working

They would breathe faster

Nerves and bones

Muscles and glands

Eyes and ears

Brain and spinal cord

Cones

Rods

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

The neuron is transmitting an impulse at maximum speed

The state where the inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside

The state when the neuron is releasing neurotransmitters

The period of time after a neuron fires when it cannot fire again

To detect balance and movement

To amplify the vibrations of the eardrum

To produce earwax

To protect the cochlea from loud noises

A muscle or gland that carries out a response.

A specialized cell that detects a stimulus and converts it into an electrical impulse.

A part of the brain that interprets sensory information.

A chemical messenger that travels through the blood.

Voluntary muscle movements like walking.

Involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

The processing of visual information in the cerebrum.

The transmission of signals from the skin to the spinal cord.

Rhodopsin

Iodopsin

Melanin

Hemoglobin