Ecology

It increases

It decreases

It stays the same

It fluctuates randomly

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Small fish

Whale

Only the living things in an area

Only the non-living things in an area

The interaction of living and non-living components in an area

The study of the environment

Oak tree

Algae

Grass

Grasshopper

Denitrification

Nitrification

Nitrogen fixation

Ammonification

A group of individuals of the same species living in one area

All the different populations of species that live together in one area

The community of organisms and the abiotic factors with which they interact

A large geographic area characterized by a specific climate

The producer population will increase due to more fertilizer from waste

The producer population will decrease due to increased herbivory

The producer population will stay the same because they are not affected by consumers

The producer population will evolve faster to defend themselves

Secondary succession takes much longer because it starts from bare rock.

Secondary succession occurs in areas where a biological community has been removed but the soil remains.

Secondary succession only involves animal species, while primary involves only plants.

Secondary succession does not involve a climax community; it always stays in the pioneer stage.

Water availability

Concentration of dissolved oxygen

Availability of nutrients like iron or phosphorus

Average water temperature

The full range of environmental conditions under which a species can potentially survive.

The specific role a species plays within its community, including its position in the food web.

The actual niche a species occupies when restricted by biotic interactions like competition.

The geographical area where a species is found regardless of its biological role.

Large fish

Frogs

Insects

Algae

Water

Soil nutrients

Sunlight

Oxygen

Producers would grow faster

Nutrients would remain trapped in dead matter

Energy would cycle faster

There would be no change

Algae

Shrimp

Salmon

Bear

Cactus

Rodent

Snake

Hawk

$10\%$

$50\%$

$90\%$

$100\%$

Nutrients flow in one direction and are lost, while energy cycles.

Energy flows in one direction, while nutrients are recycled.

Both energy and nutrients flow in one direction and are lost.

Both energy and nutrients cycle through the ecosystem indefinitely.

Open Ocean

Desert

Tropical Rainforest

Arctic Tundra

The organism becomes immune to the pesticide.

The concentration of the toxin in the organism's body increases over time.

The toxin is passed to the next generation through the soil.

The organism's trophic level increases to avoid the toxin.

They convert inorganic carbon and energy into organic compounds.

They consume primary consumers to obtain energy.

They break down dead organic matter to recycle nutrients.

They occupy the highest trophic level in the ecosystem.

Matter is constantly added from space

Matter is never reused

Matter cycles within the system and is not lost

Only energy can cycle; matter cannot

Roots

Stomata

Flowers

Bark

Nitrogen gas

Ammonium ($NH_4^+$)

Sugar

Oxygen

By dissolving into the ocean surface

By being carried by birds

By underwater volcanoes

By the freezing of icebergs

Ammonification

Nitrification

Denitrification

Assimilation

Photosynthesis

Sedimentation

Cellular respiration

Ingestion

An increase in the concentration of nitrates in the soil

A decrease in the concentration of ammonium in the soil

An accumulation of ammonium and a decrease in nitrate availability for plants

A sudden increase in the rate of nitrogen fixation

Assimilation by the plants at the base of the food chain

Nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the lion's gut

The inhalation of $N_2$ from the atmosphere into the lion's lungs

Ammonification of the lion's waste products

Prolonged drought and increased frequency of forest fires

A slight increase in the population of primary consumers

The natural migration of nitrogen-fixing tree species

Increased rainfall leading to higher rates of weathering

Nitrogen requires biological or physical 'fixing' to become useful, whereas carbon is fixed directly via light energy

Carbon can be recycled indefinitely, but nitrogen is lost as it reacts with the glass walls

The nitrogen cycle cannot function without a constant input of $N_2$ from the outside

Carbon is only found in the gas phase, while nitrogen is only found in the soil

Sunlight

Natural gas

Tides

Heat from the Earth

A type of healthy mountain mist

A mixture of smoke and fog that causes air pollution

Pure oxygen found in forests

A type of cloud that only produces snow

To increase the amount of trash we produce

To conserve natural resources and minimize waste

To make products more expensive

To find more places to dig landfills

Building more roads through national forests

Creating marine protected areas where fishing is restricted

Introducing new animals from other continents

Using more pesticides in gardens

It typically decreases biodiversity by increasing the number of predators.

It can lead to a 'trophic cascade' that restores the health of vegetation and other wildlife.

It has no effect because the ecosystem has already adapted to the absence of the species.

It causes the prey species to move into urban areas to escape the new predators.

Species go extinct immediately as soon as their habitat is reduced by 10%.

The remaining habitat is too small to support a population long-term, leading to future extinction.

Humans must pay a fine to the government for every species that goes extinct.

Extinct species are brought back to life using genetic material found in the destroyed habitat.

Phytoplankton, by disrupting their ability to perform photosynthesis.

Deep-sea corals, by vibrating their calcium carbonate skeletons until they break.

Marine mammals like whales, by interfering with their communication and navigation.

Crustaceans, by making their shells too soft to protect them from predators.

They interfere with the respiratory system and prevent oxygen uptake.

They mimic or block hormones, leading to reproductive and developmental issues.

They cause the immediate breakdown of cell walls in plants.

They prevent the organism from being able to digest protein.

It makes them grow their shells faster.

It disorients them, causing them to crawl toward land-based lights instead of the ocean, leading to death.

It helps them see predators more clearly at night, increasing their survival rate.

It changes their sex from male to female during incubation.

The expansion of 'oxygen minimum zones' (OMZs) where most marine life cannot survive.

An increase in the population of large sharks which thrive in low-oxygen water.

The conversion of the ocean into a giant freshwater lake.

A decrease in the amount of $CO_{2}$ the ocean can absorb.

Carbon dioxide

Glucose

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Lower sea levels

Rising sea levels

Decrease in ocean temperature

Increase in agricultural land

Producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

Genetic diversity

Species diversity

Ecosystem diversity

Population diversity

There are many different species, but one or two species dominate the population.

All species in the ecosystem have an equal number of individuals.

There are very few species, but they are all very different from each other.

The ecosystem is in the very early stages of primary succession.

Increased photosynthesis in urban parks.

Large amounts of concrete and asphalt absorbing and retaining heat.

The high concentration of people breathing out $CO_{2}$ in a small area.

The lack of wind in cities due to tall buildings.

They break down dead organic matter into mineral nutrients.

They consume the carcasses of animals that have died from other causes.

They are the first organisms to colonize a bare rock surface.

They convert sunlight into chemical energy for the food web.

The toxins are neutralized by the plastic and rendered harmless.

The fish gain extra energy from the hydrocarbons in the plastic.

The concentrated toxins enter the food chain and undergo biomagnification in higher-level consumers.

The plastics increase the rate of photosynthesis in the fish's gut.

Because larger animals always contain more energy than smaller plants.

Because the Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that energy is lost as heat at each transfer, so the energy available must decrease at higher levels.

Because decomposers return energy to the producers at the base, making it the largest level.

Because the sun provides an infinite amount of energy to every level of the food chain simultaneously.

It aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

It established the first global carbon credit trading system.

It focuses on the protection of endangered marine mammals in the Arctic.

It defines the limits of nitrogen runoff from industrial farms.