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Tissues - Animal Tissues

Grade 9CBSE

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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Animal tissues are classified into four main types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous tissue.

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Epithelial tissue acts as a protective layer. Types include Simple Squamous (thin/flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (pillar-like), and Stratified Squamous (layered, like skin).

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Connective tissue cells are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. Examples include blood, bone, cartilage, areolar, and adipose tissues.

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Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Its liquid matrix is called plasma, which contains Red Blood Cells (RBCs)Red\ Blood\ Cells\ (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs)White\ Blood\ Cells\ (WBCs), and PlateletsPlatelets.

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Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix composed of CalciumCalcium (CaCa) and PhosphorusPhosphorus (PP) compounds, specifically hydroxyapatite which is represented as Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2Ca_{10}(PO_{4})_{6}(OH)_{2}.

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Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers. It includes Striated (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), and Cardiac (heart) muscles.

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Nervous tissue is made of neurons. Each neuron consists of a cell body (CytonCyton), hair-like parts called DendritesDendrites, and a long part called an AxonAxon.

📐Formulae

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2Ca_{10}(PO_{4})_{6}(OH)_{2}

Hb+4O2→Hb(O2)4Hb + 4O_{2} \rightarrow Hb(O_{2})_{4}

Cardiac Output=Stroke Volume×Heart Rate\text{Cardiac Output} = \text{Stroke Volume} \times \text{Heart Rate}

💡Examples

Problem 1:

Which tissue connects two bones to each other, and what are its characteristics?

Solution:

The tissue is called a Ligament.

Explanation:

Ligaments are highly elastic and have considerable strength. They contain very little matrix. If we consider the force required to stretch them, it follows the principle of elasticity where stress is proportional to strain until the elastic limit.

Problem 2:

Differentiate between Tendons and Ligaments based on their joining functions.

Solution:

Tendons: Muscle to Bone; Ligaments: Bone to Bone.

Explanation:

Tendons are fibrous tissues with great strength but limited flexibility, whereas Ligaments are very elastic tissues that connect bones to maintain skeletal stability.

Problem 3:

A person has a heart rate of 7272 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml70\ ml. Calculate the Cardiac Output in liters.

Solution:

72×70=5040 ml=5.04 L72 \times 70 = 5040\ ml = 5.04\ L

Explanation:

Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart (Cardiac muscle tissue) per minute. Using the formula: 72×705040\begin{array}{r} 72 \\ \times 70 \\ \hline 5040 \end{array}