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Engineering Life: Miracles in Biotechnology - Medicine and Health Care-advanced

Grade 9CBSE

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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Recombinant DNA Technology: The process of joining together DNADNA molecules from two different species. The resulting DNADNA is called recombinant DNADNA. For example, the production of human insulin (HumulinHumulin) in E.coliE. coli bacteria.

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Genetic Engineering: A sub-field of biotechnology involving the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using tools like restriction enzymes (molecular scissors) and DNADNA ligase (molecular glue).

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCRPCR): A revolutionary technique used to amplify specific segments of DNADNA millions of times. It is crucial for early diagnosis of diseases like HIVHIV or COVID−19COVID-19 where the viral load might be low.

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Gene Therapy: A medical field which focuses on the genetic modification of cells to produce a therapeutic effect. It involves the insertion of a functional gene into a patient's cells to replace a defective one, such as in the treatment of ADAADA deficiency.

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Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbsmAbs): These are immune system proteins created in the lab that are designed to bind to specific targets, such as cancer cells, to help the immune system recognize and destroy them.

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Stem Cell Therapy: The use of undifferentiated cells (stem cells) to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs. These cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types like muscle, nerve, or blood cells.

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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): A biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample, often used for diagnosing infections.

📐Formulae

N=N0×2nN = N_0 \times 2^n

Concentration (C)=Mass of SoluteVolume of Solution\text{Concentration } (C) = \frac{\text{Mass of Solute}}{\text{Volume of Solution}}

Percentage Yield=(Actual YieldTheoretical Yield)×100\text{Percentage Yield} = \left( \frac{\text{Actual Yield}}{\text{Theoretical Yield}} \right) \times 100

Magnification=Size of ImageSize of Object\text{Magnification} = \frac{\text{Size of Image}}{\text{Size of Object}}

💡Examples

Problem 1:

In a PCRPCR diagnostic test, a scientist starts with a single double-stranded DNADNA molecule (N0=1N_0 = 1). If the thermal cycler runs for n=10n = 10 cycles, calculate the total number of DNADNA copies produced.

Solution:

Using the PCRPCR amplification formula: N=N0×2nN = N_0 \times 2^n Given: N0=1N_0 = 1 n=10n = 10

N=1×210N = 1 \times 2^{10} N=1024N = 1024

Explanation:

In each cycle of PCRPCR, the number of DNADNA molecules doubles. Therefore, after 1010 cycles, 2102^{10} copies are generated from a single template.

Problem 2:

A laboratory technician needs to prepare a 500 mL500 \text{ mL} solution of a biotech drug with a concentration of 2 mg/mL2 \text{ mg/mL}. How much of the drug (in grams) is required?

Solution:

Given: C=2 mg/mLC = 2 \text{ mg/mL} V=500 mLV = 500 \text{ mL}

Using the formula: Mass=C×V\text{Mass} = C \times V Mass=2 mg/mL×500 mL\text{Mass} = 2 \text{ mg/mL} \times 500 \text{ mL} Mass=1000 mg\text{Mass} = 1000 \text{ mg}

Converting to grams: Mass in g=1000 mg1000\text{Mass in g} = \frac{1000 \text{ mg}}{1000} Mass=1 g\text{Mass} = 1 \text{ g}

Explanation:

To find the total mass, multiply the required concentration by the total volume, then convert the units from milligrams to grams.

Problem 3:

During an experiment to produce recombinant proteins, the theoretical yield was calculated to be 150 mg150 \text{ mg}, but the actual yield obtained was 120 mg120 \text{ mg}. Calculate the percentage yield of the process.

Solution:

Theoretical Yield =150 mg= 150 \text{ mg} Actual Yield =120 mg= 120 \text{ mg}

Percentage Yield=(120150)×100\text{Percentage Yield} = \left( \frac{120}{150} \right) \times 100 Percentage Yield=(45)×100\text{Percentage Yield} = \left( \frac{4}{5} \right) \times 100 Percentage Yield=80%\text{Percentage Yield} = 80 \%

Explanation:

The percentage yield represents the efficiency of the biotechnology production process, calculated by dividing the actual output by the maximum possible output.