Biology

Making food by photosynthesis

Controlling the movement of substances into the cell

Providing a rigid structure

Storing all the cell's waste

Palisade cell

Root hair cell

Animal cell

Bacterial cell

Cell

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Cytoplasm

Cell sap

Chlorophyll

Hemoglobin

Root hair cell

Palisade mesophyll cell

Xylem cell

Red blood cell

The base

The stage

The eyepiece

The arm

Photosynthesis

Aerobic respiration

Protein synthesis

DNA replication

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Cell Wall

$\times 2$

$\times 20$

$\times 200$

$\times 2000$

Electron microscopes use light with a shorter wavelength

Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons which has a much shorter wavelength than light

Electron microscopes use more powerful glass lenses

Electron microscopes can only see dead specimens

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Argon

Water

Soil nutrients

Carbon dioxide

Sunlight

Tightly packed and full of chloroplasts

Loosely packed with many air spaces

Circular and containing no nucleus

Located at the very bottom of the leaf

Active transport through the roots

Diffusion through the stomata

Osmosis through the cuticle

Evaporation from the xylem

Minerals and nutrients absorbed from the soil

Oxygen gas from the atmosphere and sunlight energy

Carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil

Starch molecules already present in the seed and heat energy

Decreasing the temperature to $5^{\circ}C$

Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration

Using green light bulbs instead of white light

Reducing the amount of water provided to the plants

Respiration

Transpiration

Photosynthesis

Germination

The presence of a thick waxy cuticle.

The thinness of the leaf from top to bottom.

The presence of large amounts of chlorophyll.

The vertical orientation of the palisade cells.

High turgor pressure closes the stomata to prevent gas entry.

High turgor pressure opens the stomata to allow $CO_2$ entry.

Low turgor pressure opens the stomata to allow water entry.

Turgor pressure has no effect on gas exchange.

A plant of a different species in the same light.

The same setup but with a boiled (dead) plant.

Varying the temperature while keeping light constant.

Removing the $CO_2$ source from the water.

To produce eggs

To contract and push the baby out during birth

To filter the mother's blood

To produce testosterone

Uterus

Ovary

Cervix

Vagina

Day 1

Day 7

Day 14

Day 28

Oxygen

Alcohol

Water

Fruit juice

To help the egg cell move through the oviduct more quickly

To provide a source of food for the zygote as it divides

To prevent any further sperm cells from entering the egg

To signal the uterus to begin breaking down its lining

Lactation

Menstruation

Gestation

Ovulation

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

X: Stimulation of FSH secretion | Y: Multiple follicles begin to mature

X: Inhibition of FSH secretion | Y: No new follicles are matured

X: Stimulation of LH secretion | Y: Ovulation occurs immediately

X: Inhibition of oestrogen secretion | Y: The uterine lining is shed

The fusion of an egg and a sperm.

The release of a mature egg from an ovary.

The shedding of the lining of the uterus.

The movement of sperm through the cervix.

To stimulate the development of facial hair.

To stimulate the testes to produce sperm.

To cause the voice to deepen during puberty.

To trigger the release of adrenaline.

Glucose

DNA

Hemoglobin

Insulin

46 pairs

23 pairs

12 pairs

2 pairs

Curly hair

Green eyes

A broken arm

Skin color

A gene

A mutation

A fertilized egg (zygote)

An embryo with 23 chromosomes

Replication

Mutation

Translation

Fertilization

They were raised in the same environment

They developed from a single fertilized egg that split

They share the same placenta

They inherited the same alleles from only one parent

$25\%$

$50\%$

$75\%$

$100\%$

1/32

1/16

1/4

1/2

The phosphate group

The deoxyribose sugar

The nitrogenous base

The hydrogen bond

Mitosis produces four cells, while meiosis produces two.

Mitosis results in genetic variation, while meiosis results in clones.

Mitosis produces diploid cells, while meiosis produces haploid cells.

Mitosis involves two divisions, while meiosis involves only one.

Organisms living completely alone

Organisms relying on each other for survival

The study of rocks and soil

The way the sun creates light

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Producer

Deserts

High mountains

Aquatic or wetland environments

Deep caves

Soil pH

Sunlight intensity

Bacteria

Wind speed

Oxygen levels will increase and carbon dioxide levels will decrease.

Oxygen levels will decrease and carbon dioxide levels will increase.

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide levels will increase significantly.

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide levels will decrease significantly.

Commensalism

Parasitism

Mutualism

Predation

The Stoat population will increase because there is less competition for Voles.

The Stoat population will decrease because Weasels are their primary food source.

The Stoat population will remain unchanged as they occupy a different niche.

The Stoat population will decrease due to a lack of available mates.

Respiration

Combustion

Photosynthesis

Decomposition

The presence of sharp spines on a hedgehog

A butterfly having 'eye spots' on its wings

A pufferfish inflating its body when threatened

An opossum 'playing dead' when it encounters a predator

It is always the most abundant species in the ecosystem

It is the species that occupies the lowest trophic level

It is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance

It is an invasive species that destroys the local balance

Excessive sugar intake

Lack of exercise

Long-term alcohol abuse

High salt intake

Diabetes

Chickenpox

Measles

The common cold

Nutrient deficiencies

Infectious diseases

Physical injuries

Inherited disorders

Recovery period

Incubation period

Immune period

Vaccination period

The response is slower because the body is tired

The response is much faster and stronger due to memory cells

The body ignores the pathogen and focuses on the skin

The body stops producing white blood cells

When a disease is passed from animals to humans

When enough people are vaccinated to stop a disease from spreading through the population

When every single person in a country is immune to a disease

When animals are given antibiotics to prevent them from getting sick

Increased surface area of the alveoli for better oxygen uptake

Reduced surface area of the alveoli, making breathing difficult

Faster movement of cilia in the trachea

Increased production of red blood cells

Production of specific antibodies against the object that caused the injury.

Inflammation and increased blood flow to the area to bring more phagocytes.

Development of a fever to kill the viruses that caused the physical cut.

The immediate creation of memory cells to prevent future injuries of the same type.

To see if the bacteria can grow without any nutrients.

To determine which specific antibiotic is most effective at killing that particular strain of bacteria.

To check if the patient is allergic to the antibiotic before giving it to them.

To calculate the exact number of bacteria present in the patient's blood.

They store copies of the pathogen's DNA so the body can recognize it.

They stay in the blood for a long time and can quickly produce antibodies if the same pathogen enters again.

They are a type of phagocyte that can remember how to digest specific toxins.

They prevent pathogens from entering the body by strengthening the skin.