How Nature Works in Harmony

Retina

Cornea

Optic nerve

Iris

Angle of incidence is greater than angle of reflection

Angle of incidence is less than angle of reflection

Angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection

Light always bends when hitting a mirror

Music

Pitch

Noise

Frequency

More cones than rods

More rods than cones

No rods at all

Large pupils only

Part A

Part C

Part D

Part E

Afforestation

Over-exploitation of groundwater

Using plastic bags

Expanding monoculture farms

Vertical inversion

Lateral inversion

Refraction

Reflection

Pitch

Amplitude

Quality or Timbre

Intensity

By removing the iris

By replacing the opaque lens with a synthetic intraocular lens

By increasing the distance between the retina and the lens

By using high-power concave glasses permanently

Light travels in a straight line

White light is composed of seven constituent colors

Light can be reflected by a spinning surface

The eye cannot see moving objects

It maintains the balance of nature

It looks beautiful

It is expensive

It has no use

Algae and Fungi

Bacteria and Virus

Plant and Animal

Soil and Water

Mutualism

Commensalism

Predation

Symbiosis

Wolf

Deer

Tiger

Eagle

Biosphere Reserves are designed to only protect tribal culture without any focus on plants or animals.

National Parks and Sanctuaries are always much larger than Biosphere Reserves and are used to manage them.

National Parks and Sanctuaries are strictly forbidden from being established within the boundaries of a Biosphere Reserve.

A Biosphere Reserve is a large-scale conservation area that can contain other types of protected zones like National Parks and Sanctuaries.

To produce energy for the forest

To keep the population of herbivores in check

To help in the pollination of flowers

To decompose dead trees

Because they are small in size

Because they have a very specific habitat or limited food source

Because they produce too many offspring

Because they live in water

The physical place where an organism lives.

The functional role and position of a species in its environment.

A group of organisms of the same species.

The total number of species in an ecosystem.

To allow humans to walk through forests.

To connect fragmented habitats so animals can move safely.

To act as a fence to keep animals inside a park.

To provide a path for forest fires to move away.

It is already extinct.

It is likely to become endangered unless circumstances improve.

It is only found in one specific location.

It has a very large population.

Producer

Consumer

Decomposer

Factory worker

Destruction

Stability

Pollution

Isolation

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Autotrophs

A lion eating a zebra

A plant taking in water from soil

A bee pollinating a flower

A mushroom growing on a log

Nitrogen Respiration

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen Photosynthesis

Nitrogen Decomposition

It makes the community more unstable.

It ensures that if one species fails, others can maintain the ecosystem functions.

It decreases the number of available niches.

It leads to the extinction of all predators.

An organism that eats producers

An organism that eats other consumers

An organism that makes its own food

An organism that eats dead matter

Plant is to an animal.

Carnivore is to a herbivore.

Scavenger is to a decomposer.

Parasite is to a host.

There are few species, and all have the same number of individuals.

There are many species, but one or two species dominate the total population.

All species in the community have exactly the same role.

The community is extremely stable and cannot be changed.

Oxygen levels would increase.

Carbon dioxide levels would decrease.

The system would run out of available oxygen and accumulate $CO_{2}$.

Plants would grow much faster due to the excess nutrients.

It is recycled back to the sun

It is lost as heat to the environment

It stays within the producers forever

It is destroyed completely

Biology

Ecology

Geography

Geology

Plants

Herbivores

Apex predators

Primary consumers

Is eaten by another animal

Hunts and kills another animal for food

Makes its own food

Cleans the environment

Competition

Mutualism

Predation

Photosynthesis

Non-living things

Living things

Atmospheric gases

Soil and minerals

The Fungus

The Alga

The Virus

The Bacteria

The first weeds that grow after a fire.

A stable, long-lasting community that is in equilibrium with the environment.

An area with no life at all.

A community that changes every few days.

Decomposers break down matter at a molecular level (fungi/bacteria), while scavengers eat large chunks of dead matter (vultures).

Scavengers make their own food; decomposers don't.

Decomposers are only found in water; scavengers only on land.

There is no difference.

Two species of birds feeding on the same tree but at different heights and different times.

A lion eating a zebra.

Bacteria fixing nitrogen in the soil.

A fungus killing a tree.

Tiger

Eagle

Bacteria

Deer

Other animals

Plants

Sunlight directly

Decomposers

The grasshopper moves to the plant

The plant eats the grasshopper

Energy flow from plant to grasshopper

The grasshopper gives energy to the plant

Fungi

Algae

Dog

Cat

Mouse

Bird

Grasshopper

Owl

Energy increases as we move up levels

Energy stays constant at all levels

Energy decreases as we move up levels

Energy is recycled from consumers back to producers

Water cycle

Oxygen-Carbon dioxide balance

Energy flow in food chains

All of the above

Mass is lost as heat just like energy

Matter is recycled within the ecosystem through the action of producers and decomposers

The total mass of consumers must be greater than the mass of producers

Animals create mass when they grow

Scavengers are plants, decomposers are animals

Scavengers consume large pieces of dead animals, while decomposers break down matter at a molecular level

Scavengers only eat plants

Decomposers are always at the first trophic level

$10\%$

$1\%$

$0.1\%$

$0.01\%$

Plastic

Vermicompost

Ash

Chemical fertilizer

Earthworms

Bacteria

Factories

Fungi

The soil becomes healthier forever

It can lead to soil and water pollution

It removes all insects

It turns soil into sand

Plastic

Biogas

Sand

Metal

Carrying a cloth bag for shopping

Ordering food with lots of disposable cutlery

Throwing used batteries in the garden

Using a new plastic bottle every time you drink water

Plastic polymers

Inorganic nutrients

Synthetic rubber

Electronic chips

It turns into minerals that help plants grow

It can leak heavy metals like lead and mercury into the soil

It provides a nesting ground for endangered birds

It increases the nitrogen content of the air

Consumption and Decomposition

Volcanic eruptions

Meteorite impacts

Deforestation

It takes up too much land area compared to landfills

It can release toxic furans and dioxins if not controlled at high temperatures

It is a very slow process taking years to complete

It requires a high population of bacteria to work

Nitrogen gas

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Glucose

Vitamin C

Crop failure and death of livestock

Increase in groundwater levels

Rapid growth of forests

Lowering of atmospheric temperature

They are the main producers

They hunt large animals

They decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients

They consume all the oxygen

Endemic species

Migratory species

Common species

Alien species

Coal

Petroleum

Wind

Natural gas

White is the natural color of healthy coral.

Bleaching happens when corals lose the algae that provide them food, usually due to rising water temperatures.

Corals turn white when they are too old and are about to turn into sand.

It is a sign that the ocean is becoming too clean and lacks nutrients.

Fish like warm water and will grow faster.

Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen, which can suffocate the fish.

Warm water makes the fish swim faster to escape the river.

The heat helps the fish eggs hatch in just a few minutes.

It leads to more evaporation from concrete surfaces.

It reduces the amount of water that can seep into the soil to recharge aquifers.

It makes the rain more frequent because of the smoke from factories.

It has no effect on the water cycle at all.

They release $CO_2$ rapidly to help plants grow

They store vast amounts of carbon in undecayed organic matter, acting as long-term carbon sinks

They reflect all sunlight, preventing the earth from warming

They convert $CO_2$ into methane, which is better for the environment

The primary consumer (rodent) population explodes, leading to a decrease in producers (plants)

The producers (plants) will start growing faster because there is more room

The tertiary consumer (hawk) will start eating the producers (plants)

The decomposers will stop working because there are no dead snakes

The soil becomes too soft for plants to stand upright

Evaporation leaves behind salts that accumulate in the topsoil, eventually becoming toxic to most plants

The excess water causes the plants to undergo 'drowning' because of too much oxygen

The salt reacts with the air to create chlorine gas

Grass

Deer

Lion

Rabbit

One species dominating all others

A balance between biotic and abiotic factors

Complete destruction of forests

Ignoring environmental changes

Release oxygen

Convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants

Eat plant roots

Pollinate flowers

Forest

Pond

Crop field

Ocean

The Moon

The Earth's Core

The Sun

Ocean Tides

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Water vapor

Are places where only industrial waste is dumped.

Conserve the entire ecosystem including biodiversity and traditional human life.

Are used only for growing commercial timber.

Prevent any form of rain in that area.

When two species live in the same place but never interact

When two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution (e.g., a flower and its specific pollinator)

When a species evolves into two different species over time

When all species in an ecosystem evolve at the exact same speed

By increasing the temperature of the soil

By leaching essential nutrients like calcium and magnesium from the soil and releasing toxic aluminum

By providing extra nitrogen to the leaves for faster growth

By making the bark of the trees thicker and harder to eat

Infinite growth with unlimited resources

Growth that slows down as the population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment

A population that is rapidly going extinct

Constant growth regardless of environmental factors

Plastic factories

Wetlands and forests

Cars and buses

Road construction

Terrestrial ecosystems

Aquatic ecosystems

Artificial ecosystems

Atmospheric layers

Community

Population

Ecosystem

Biome

Using plastic bags

Burning dead leaves

Activity of decomposers

Paving the soil with concrete

Nature works best when humans control every process

It is a complex web of interactions where every organism plays a vital role

It is a struggle where only the largest animals survive

It is a system where resources are unlimited and never run out

It makes it easier for animals to find mates

It increases the total area of the habitat

It breaks large habitats into smaller, isolated patches, harming biodiversity

It helps in better distribution of food

Because it is easier to keep animals in cages

Because it maintains the ecological interactions and the whole ecosystem

Because it prevents animals from moving around

Because it is cheaper than building a zoo

The producers would thrive and increase in number.

The population of producers would decrease due to overgrazing by unchecked herbivores.

The producers would stop photosynthesizing.

There would be no effect on producers as they are at different levels.

They pump water to higher elevations.

They filter pollutants and sediments from water before it reaches larger bodies.

They produce large amounts of salt for the ecosystem.

They store stones that look like kidneys.

Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions

Gradual climate change over millions of years

Habitat destruction due to human activities

Predation by other wild animals

Fertilizer

Spade

Spinach plants

Plastic pots

The air

Irrigation or rain

The soil alone

The sun

A volcano erupting

Building a city park

A lightning strike

An earthquake

Glass

Paper

Cotton

Sugar

By increasing the temperature of the soil to 100 degrees

By conserving soil moisture and suppressing weeds

By preventing the plants from absorbing water

By making the soil more acidic

The natural pond has no water

The concrete pond has no connection with the soil and its natural microbes

The natural pond is always larger

The concrete pond cannot have any fish

It makes the garden look colorful

It recycles nutrients back into the ecosystem

It attracts more pests to the plants

It increases the need for chemical fertilizers

It increases albedo by making the surface shinier.

It generally decreases albedo (especially with asphalt), leading to increased heat absorption and the 'Urban Heat Island' effect.

It has no effect on light reflection.

It turns all surfaces into mirrors, reflecting 100% of the light.

Fish eat the plants, and plants eat the fish.

Fish provide nitrogen-rich waste for plants; plants filter and clean the water for the fish.

Plants provide shade so the fish can sleep.

There is no harmony; they are kept in separate rooms.

To extract the remaining gold from the soil.

To restore a stable, self-sustaining environment that may or may not mimic the original ecosystem.

To pave the entire area for a new shopping mall.

To prevent any plants from ever growing there again.

It ensures better pollination and crop yield

It makes the farm more dangerous

It uses up all the crop's nectar

It has no effect

Droughts

Balanced nutrient cycles

Soil depletion

Loss of species

They look good

They naturally enrich the soil with nitrogen

They require no water

They kill all other plants

Respiration

Transpiration

Precipitation

Condensation

Maximize profit at any cost to nature

Produce food while maintaining the health of the ecosystem for the future

Use up all the groundwater as quickly as possible

Replace all natural processes with machines

The use of chemical fertilizers

The presence of natural predators and competitors

The lack of sunlight

Frequent ploughing of the land

Pests, Weeds, and Crops

Sunlight, Temperature, and Soil minerals

Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa

Birds, Snakes, and Insects

Primary Producer

Secondary Consumer (Predator)

Decomposer

Primary Consumer (Herbivore)

They create phosphorus out of thin air.

They convert insoluble forms of phosphorus in the soil into orthophosphates that plants can actually absorb.

They prevent the plants from taking up too much phosphorus.

They turn phosphorus into nitrogen so the plant has more variety.

Painting the soil green to attract more sunlight.

Growing a specific crop and plowing it back into the soil while still green to improve fertility.

Using only green-colored chemical fertilizers.

Feeding the plants green vegetables to make them grow faster.