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A giant covalent network of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms.

Planar layers of carbon atoms held together by London dispersion forces.

A spherical cage-like structure consisting of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.

A cylindrical tube of carbon atoms with high tensile strength.

$CH_{2}=CH_{2}$

$CF_{2}=CF_{2}$

$CH_{2}=CHCl$

$CH_{2}=CH(C_{6}H_{5})$

The addition of different sized atoms disrupts the regular lattice, making it harder for layers to slide.

The formation of covalent bonds between different metal atoms increases strength.

The sea of delocalized electrons becomes more dense in an alloy.

Alloys have fewer impurities than pure metals, leading to more rigid structures.

Saturated fatty acids contain multiple $C=C$ double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids have higher melting points than saturated fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acids contain only single $C-C$ bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.

Saturated fatty acids are typically found as liquids at room temperature.

Glucose and Galactose

Glucose and Fructose

Glucose and Glucose

Galactose and Fructose

Vitamin $B_{1}$ (Thiamine)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

Vitamin $B_{12}$ (Cobalamin)

Specific energy

Energy density

Molar enthalpy

Calorific value

Ethanol ($C_2H_5OH$)

Methanol ($CH_3OH$)

Propane ($C_3H_8$)

Biodiesel

Solar

Wind

Coal

Tidal

Ethanoic anhydride

Sodium hydroxide

Ethanol

Concentrated hydrochloric acid

The ratio of the lethal dose for $50\%$ of the population ($LD_{50}$) to the effective dose for $50\%$ ($ED_{50}$)

The ratio of the toxic dose for $50\%$ of the population ($TD_{50}$) to the effective dose for $50\%$ ($ED_{50}$)

The ratio of the effective dose for $50\%$ of the population ($ED_{50}$) to the toxic dose for $50\%$ ($TD_{50}$)

The ratio of the concentration in the blood to the concentration in the liver

Oral ingestion

Rectal administration

Intravenous injection

Topical application