Chemistry of the Environment

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Chloride

The use of water in a washing machine

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth

The process of treating water in a factory

Testing water with chemical reagents

Fertilizer runoff

Old lead pipes

The atmosphere

Chlorine treatment

$CuSO_4$

$NaCl$

$CoCl_2 \cdot 6H_2O$

$CO_2$

The chemical test is only for the presence of water, not its purity.

The chemical test only works for acidic water.

The boiling point tells you if the water contains bacteria.

The chemical test is too expensive to perform multiple times.

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

Argon

Helium

Filtration

Chlorination

Fractional distillation

Sedimentation

The salt ions strengthen the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

The presence of solute particles decreases the vapor pressure of the liquid and disrupts the formation of the solid crystal lattice.

The salt reacts with water to form a more stable compound with a higher boiling point.

Salt increases the density of water, which always increases the boiling point.

Sedimentation removes dissolved salts, while filtration removes suspended solids.

Sedimentation uses gravity to settle large particles, while filtration uses a medium to trap smaller insoluble particles.

Sedimentation is a chemical process, while filtration is a physical process.

Sedimentation kills bacteria, while filtration removes their remains.

Dry $CO_2$

Moist $NH_3$

Pure $H_2$

Dry $O_2$

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

Chlorine

Sodium

Urea

Potassium nitrate

Ammonium phosphate

NPK 15-15-15

Lime

Potash

Saltpetre

Baking soda

It is too heavy

It is very unreactive due to its triple bond

It is toxic to leaves

It is only found in the upper atmosphere

$NH_4^+$

$H^+$

$OH^-$

$NO_3^-$

Rock phosphate

Ammonium nitrate

Potassium chloride

Calcium carbonate

Ammonia sulfide

Diammonium sulfate

Ammonium sulfide

Nitrogen sulfate

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide ($N_2O$)

Sulfur dioxide

$2NH_3 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow (NH_4)_2SO_4$

$NH_3 + HNO_3 \rightarrow NH_4NO_3$

$3KOH + H_3PO_4 \rightarrow K_3PO_4 + 3H_2O$

$NH_3 + H_3PO_4 \rightarrow (NH_4)H_2PO_4$

0.28 tonnes

0.56 tonnes

0.84 tonnes

1.12 tonnes

Adding sulfur to fuels

Removing sulfur dioxide from waste gases of power stations

Increasing the nitrogen content of air

Converting carbon dioxide to oxygen

Skin rashes

Improved vision

Brain damage, especially in children

Increased lung capacity

Hydrogen

Coal

Wood

Uranium

Carbon dioxide

Particulates

Methane

Nitrogen

Thermal decomposition of nitrates

The reaction of air with coal

Fractional distillation of liquid air

The electrolysis of water

Combustion of hydrogen fuel cells

Evaporation from the oceans

Respiration by animals

Volcanic outgassing

It is all converted into nitrates by the body.

It is mostly exhaled again because it is relatively unreactive.

It reacts with oxygen in the blood to form nitrogen oxides.

It is used by the body to build proteins directly.

Dissolved carbon dioxide forms weak carbonic acid.

Natural volcanic activity always releases $SO_{2}$ into the clouds.

Nitric acid is formed by the constant action of lightning.

Organic acids are released by trees during transpiration.

The troposphere warms while the stratosphere cools.

Both the troposphere and stratosphere warm at the same rate.

The troposphere cools while the stratosphere warms.

The temperature of the stratosphere remains completely unaffected.

Purple to colorless

Colorless to purple

Orange to green

Green to orange

It increases

It decreases

It stays the same

It doubles

The size of glaciers

The area of polar ice caps

The frequency of extreme weather events

The amount of snow in the tropics

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Diffusion

Osmosis

$O_2$

$N_2$

$CO_2$

$He$

The cycle will slow down due to less evaporation.

The cycle will intensify, leading to more extreme droughts and floods.

The cycle will stop as all water will eventually be trapped in the atmosphere.

The cycle will become more stable and predictable.

Improving the efficiency of car engines to use less petrol.

Capturing gas from landfill sites to use as a fuel source.

Using nuclear power instead of coal power.

Reforesting large areas of the Amazon.

The molecule breaks apart into carbon and oxygen atoms.

The molecule absorbs the energy and its bonds vibrate more vigorously.

The molecule reflects the radiation at a shorter wavelength.

The molecule loses electrons and becomes an ion.

Oxygen-18 ($^{18}O$)

Carbon-14 ($^{14}C$)

Uranium-238 ($^{238}U$)

Nitrogen-15 ($^{15}N$)

As $CO_2$ concentration increases, each additional molecule has a smaller warming effect because the absorption bands are already mostly opaque

Once $CO_2$ reaches $1000$ ppm, it stops absorbing infrared radiation entirely

It means $CO_2$ will eventually saturate the ocean and turn it into a solid

It describes the point at which $CO_2$ starts reflecting sunlight instead of absorbing IR

It changes the distribution of solar radiation, which can trigger feedback loops like $CO_2$ release from oceans

It directly changes the chemical bond angles of $CO_2$ molecules in the atmosphere

It causes the Earth to lose its atmosphere into space every 26,000 years

It is the main cause of the increase in CFC concentrations