Environmental Chemistry

$CO_2$

$CH_4$

$O_2$

$N_2O$

Ozone formation

Acid rain

Photosynthesis

Nitrogen fixation

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Dust

Mists

Smoke

Fumes

Increasing the height of factory chimneys.

Using catalytic converters in vehicles.

Developing biodegradable polymers.

Switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen-based fuels.

Dust consists of liquid droplets, while Mist consists of solid particles.

Dust consists of solid particles, while Mist consists of liquid droplets.

Dust is always organic, while Mist is always inorganic.

There is no difference between them.

Pure Carbon

Silica, Alumina, and Oxides of Iron

Calcium Carbonate

Sodium Chloride

Troposphere (0-10 km)

Stratosphere (15-30 km)

Mesosphere (50-80 km)

Thermosphere (above 100 km)

Solubility of $O_2$ increases as temperature increases

Solubility of $O_2$ decreases as temperature increases

Temperature has no effect on gas solubility

Solubility of $O_2$ only depends on the concentration of $CO_2$

It acts as a coolant for the stone

It provides a medium for the formation of $H_2SO_4$ and the transport of ions into the stone pores

It reacts with $CaCO_3$ to form $Ca(OH)_2$ directly

It prevents $SO_2$ from reaching the stone

To kill bacteria with UV light

To remove large floating objects and grit

To neutralize the pH of the water

To remove dissolved nitrates and phosphates

Helium

Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)

Methane

Neon

Stronger eggshells

Thinning of eggshells

Increased fertility

Better flight capability

The water is highly pure.

The water is heavily polluted with oxidizable matter.

The water has very high dissolved oxygen.

The water is safe for drinking without treatment.

$Ca^{2+}$

$Mg^{2+}$

$Na^{+}$

$K^{+}$

Mechanical screening of large solids

Biological oxidation of organic matter by microbes

Chemical precipitation of phosphates

Reverse osmosis to remove salts

Phenylmercuric acetate

Ethyl alcohol

Sodium benzoate

Acetic acid

The river flows so fast that the waste is pushed into the ocean immediately.

The sequence of re-oxygenation through atmospheric aeration and the biological oxidation of organic matter by resident microorganisms.

The ability of the river water to freeze and expel impurities as ice.

The process where fish eat all the solid waste discharged into the water.

The pollutant is highly volatile and will not stay in the water.

The pollutant has a high potential to accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms relative to its concentration in the surrounding water.

The pollutant is easily degraded by sunlight.

The pollutant is highly toxic only to plants and not to animals.

To remove the bicarbonate hardness (temporary hardness).

To remove non-carbonate hardness (permanent hardness) by providing carbonate ions to precipitate $Ca^{2+}$ as $CaCO_3$.

To increase the $pH$ to 14 so that all bacteria are killed.

To prevent the lime from reacting with the pipes.

High profits

Accidents, explosions, and fires

Fast reactions

Low yields

Leaded petrol

Biodiesel

Coal

Heavy fuel oil

To see how many workers are present

To prevent the formation of hazardous byproducts during a reaction

To watch the clock until the shift ends

To check the brightness of the lab lights

Does not react with anything

Breaks down into harmless substances after its use

Remains in the soil for 100 years

Is impossible to dissolve in water

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Producing as much chemical waste as possible for future study

Using all natural resources as quickly as possible

Restricting the use of chemicals to only medical purposes

Post-reaction titration

In-line infrared spectroscopy

Melting point determination of the final product

Weight measurement of the final waste drum

They are easier to burn

Water is non-flammable, non-toxic, and readily available

Water dissolves all organic compounds better than hexane

Water always speeds up the reaction

To produce only electricity

To convert biomass into a diverse range of fuels and high-value chemicals with minimal waste

To burn biomass to reduce the volume of landfills

To extract only the water content

It produces both enantiomers in equal amounts

It selectively produces the desired chiral isomer, reducing waste from inactive or toxic isomers

It eliminates the need for transition metals

It always uses water as the solvent

Reduce Derivatives

Use of Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

Renewable Feedstocks

Design for Degradation

It increases pH (alkaline)

It decreases pH (acidification)

It has no effect on pH

It turns the water neutral

Photosynthesis

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and fertilizer use

Volcanic ash

Evaporation of seawater

Radio waves

Microwaves

Ultraviolet radiation

Visible light

Constant mild weather everywhere

Increase in frequency of extreme weather events

Decrease in humidity

Complete stop of rainfall

The higher pressure in the stratosphere squeezes the chlorine out of the molecule.

The stratosphere contains high-energy UV radiation ($<220$ nm) capable of breaking $C-Cl$ bonds.

The presence of clouds in the troposphere blocks the chemicals from breaking down.

Oxygen is too concentrated in the troposphere, which stabilizes the CFC molecules.

It increases the pH of the water, making it more alkaline.

It reacts with water to form carbonic acid, leading to ocean acidification.

It increases the concentration of calcium carbonate, helping corals grow.

It causes the water to de-gas oxygen, killing all marine life.

The ability of a gas to absorb infrared radiation.

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface.

The heat capacity of the ocean's surface layer.

The rate of ozone formation per unit of UV light.

It remains in the ice crystals and falls as 'nitric acid snow' (sedimentation), removing nitrogen from the stratosphere

It evaporates immediately and reacts with ozone

It turns into $NO_{x}$ and helps to stop the chlorine cycle

It reacts with $CO_{2}$ to form harmless carbonates

$CO_{2}$

$CH_{4}$

$N_{2}O$

$CFC-11$

$O_{3} + hv \rightarrow O_{2} + O$

$O_{2} + hv \rightarrow O + O$

$O + O_{2} + M \rightarrow O_{3} + M$

$O + O_{3} \rightarrow 2O_{2}$