Transport in Animals

Pulmonary artery

Vena cava

Pulmonary vein

Hepatic portal vein

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

The pressure of blood in the arteries

The speed of electrical impulses in the heart

The thickness of the ventricle walls

Ventricular contraction

Atrial contraction

Closure of semilunar valves

Blood entering the aorta

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

To increase the speed of blood flow

To ensure that blood flows in only one direction

To separate oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood

To filter out waste products from the blood

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Blood Pressure Maximum

Beats Per Minute

Blood Pumped Monthly

Biological Pulse Measurement

A normal ECG with a rate of 72 bpm.

The absence of P-waves and a slower-than-normal heart rate.

A very fast heart rate with multiple P-waves per QRS complex.

An inverted T-wave.

It accounts for about 80% of total ventricular filling.

It provides the final 20-30% of blood to the ventricles before they contract.

It generates enough pressure to open the aortic valve.

It triggers the firing of the sinoatrial node.

It is always higher than the pressure in the left ventricle.

It is highest during ventricular systole when the bicuspid valve is closed.

It rises slightly during atrial systole and is generally low to allow filling from the pulmonary veins.

It matches the aortic pressure during the ejection phase.

It carries blood at a higher pressure than the systemic circulation

It involves the transport of blood between the heart and the lungs

The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood

The pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood

To pump blood back to the heart

To contract and relax to regulate blood flow to tissues

To produce new red blood cells

To prevent the backflow of blood

To increase blood pressure for faster flow

To provide a large surface area for exchange

To prevent blood from clotting too quickly

To store excess oxygen for later use

Carbon dioxide

Urea

Glucose

Water

It contains a thick tunica media to withstand high systolic blood pressure.

It is a blind-ended tube that originates directly within the tissue spaces.

Its wall is composed of a single layer of squamous endothelial cells.

It forms a continuous loop connecting the arterial and venous systems.

It needs to pump blood at a higher pressure to the lungs

It needs to overcome the high resistance of the systemic circulation

It must prevent deoxygenated blood from mixing with oxygenated blood

It needs to pump a larger volume of blood with each beat

In a closed system, blood is always contained within vessels

In a closed system, blood directly bathes the organs

In a closed system, there is no heart to pump the fluid

In a closed system, oxygen is carried by the lymphatic system

They have the highest resistance to blood flow.

They have a high capacity to stretch and store a large volume of blood at low pressure.

They have the ability to generate their own electrical impulses like the heart.

They are the primary site where oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin.

Drinking a large amount of water.

A decrease in the concentration of sodium ions in the plasma.

An increase in the concentration of plasma proteins, such as through dehydration.

A decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells.

To increase the total surface area for gas exchange.

To provide alternative pathways (collateral circulation) for blood flow to a tissue or organ.

To act as a filter for removing metabolic waste products.

To regulate the temperature of the blood before it reaches the brain.

Transporting glucose

Binding reversibly with oxygen

Engulfing viruses

Producing fibrin

Red blood cells

Plasma

White blood cells

Platelets

Large cells with multiple nuclei

Small cell fragments without nuclei

Cells that carry oxygen

Cells that produce antibodies

They use tiny oars

They use amoeboid movement to squeeze through gaps

They turn into liquid

They are pumped by the heart through holes

A mixture of oxygen and plasma

A bright red compound formed by the reversible union of hemoglobin and oxygen

A dark purple substance formed when oxygen is released into tissues

An enzyme that breaks down oxygen in the lungs

Urea

Glycogen

Sodium chloride

Amino acids

It allows the cell to store more hemoglobin

It allows the cell to pass through narrow capillaries without rupturing

It prevents the cell from being recognized by phagocytes

It helps the cell to absorb more glucose from the plasma

Serotonin

Epinephrine

Histamine

Thromboxane

Both bind to the iron atom in the heme group

$O_2$ binds to the heme group, while $CO_2$ binds to the amino groups of the globin chains

$CO_2$ binds to the iron atom, while $O_2$ binds to the surface of the protein

$CO_2$ only binds to hemoglobin when the iron is in the ferric ($Fe^{3+}$) state

Red bone marrow

Spleen

Liver

Thymus