Reproduction
Each subtopic includes About section, revision page link, 10 preview questions, and practice CTAs.
Asexual and sexual reproduction
SubtopicAsexual and sexual reproduction under Reproduction for Grade 12 IGCSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
What does the term 'diploid' represent mathematically?
A.B.C.D. - 2.
Which of these is a natural form of asexual reproduction?
A.Producing seeds after pollination
B.A potato growing from a tuber
C.In vitro fertilization
D.Grafting a fruit tree
- 3.
In humans, the egg cell and sperm cell each contain how many chromosomes?
A.46
B.23
C.22
D.44
- 4.
Why might a population produced asexually be at risk if the climate changes?
A.They reproduce too slowly
B.They have no genetic variation to adapt
C.They require too much energy to survive
D.They cannot produce enough offspring
- 5.
Which structure in the flower develops into the fruit wall after fertilization has taken place?
A.The ovule
B.The integument
C.The ovary wall
D.The receptacle
- 6.
How does HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) relate to the topic of human reproduction?
A.It is only transmitted through the production of gametes
B.It can be transmitted from mother to child across the placenta or through breast milk
C.It prevents the process of fertilization from occurring in the oviduct
D.It stimulates the overproduction of estrogen in the ovaries
- 7.
What is the function of the 'radicle' during the process of germination?
A.It develops into the first shoot of the plant
B.It develops into the first root of the plant
C.It provides the enzymes needed to break down starch
D.It absorbs light to begin the process of photosynthesis
- 8.
Which of these factors is most likely to limit the success of external fertilization in aquatic sexual reproduction?
A.High concentration of dissolved oxygen.
B.Synchronous release of gametes (spawning).
C.Low water salinity.
D.Large volume of the water body and dilution of gametes.
- 9.
In the context of evolution, 'Muller's Ratchet' refers to:
A.The irreversible accumulation of harmful mutations in asexual lineages.
B.The rapid evolution of sexual organisms to outpace parasites.
C.The mechanism by which DNA is repaired during meiosis.
D.The process of speciation through polyploidy.
- 10.
What is the primary function of the 'polar bodies' produced during oogenesis in humans?
A.To serve as a source of nutrition for the developing embryo.
B.To act as secondary eggs in case of fraternal twins.
C.To dispose of extra sets of haploid chromosomes while conserving cytoplasm for the egg.
D.To produce hormones that prepare the uterus for implantation.
Download the worksheet for Reproduction - Asexual and sexual reproduction to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Sexual reproduction in plants
SubtopicSexual reproduction in plants under Reproduction for Grade 12 IGCSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
In flowering plants, sexual reproduction results in offspring that are:
A.Genetically identical to the parent
B.Genetically different from the parents
C.Produced without the use of gametes
D.Always smaller than the parent plant
- 2.
Which gas is released by a germinating seed as a result of respiration?
A.Oxygen
B.Carbon dioxide
C.Nitrogen
D.Methane
- 3.
What term is used for the process of a seed beginning to grow into a new plant?
A.Pollination
B.Fertilization
C.Germination
D.Dispersal
- 4.
Which part of the plant is responsible for producing the female gametes?
A.The anther
B.The ovule
C.The stigma
D.The filament
- 5.
Which part of a flower is typically colored and scented to attract pollinators?
A.Sepals
B.Filaments
C.Petals
D.Anthers
- 6.
What determines whether a plant is classified as a monocot or a dicot?
A.The number of petals in the flower
B.The number of cotyledons in the seed
C.The type of pollinator it uses
D.The length of its life cycle
- 7.
Which cell division process is responsible for the production of the multicelled embryo from a single-celled zygote?
A.Meiosis
B.Mitosis
C.Fertilization
D.Pollination
- 8.
In an angiosperm with chromosomes, what would be the chromosome count in the microspore mother cell and the generative cell respectively?
A.24 and 12
B.12 and 12
C.24 and 24
D.48 and 24
- 9.
The 'micropyle' of a seed serves what primary purpose during the initial stages of germination?
A.Entry of light to activate phytochrome
B.Entry of water and oxygen
C.Exit of the cotyledons
D.Release of CO2 produced during anaerobic respiration
- 10.
In the process of apomixis, seeds are produced without fertilization. If the embryo develops from a diploid nucellar cell, the process is specifically called:
A.Parthenocarpy
B.Adventive embryony
C.Double fertilization
D.Vegetative propagation
Download the worksheet for Reproduction - Sexual reproduction in plants to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Sexual reproduction in humans
SubtopicSexual reproduction in humans under Reproduction for Grade 12 IGCSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Which structure in the female system is a muscular tube that receives the penis during sexual intercourse?
A.Urethra
B.Vagina
C.Oviduct
D.Cervix
- 2.
What describes the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete?
A.Pollination
B.Ejaculation
C.Fertilization
D.Evolution
- 3.
What is the name of the first period a female has during puberty?
A.Menopause
B.Menarche
C.Ovulation
D.Implantation
- 4.
Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in the human menstrual cycle?
A.Estrogen
B.Progesterone
C.Insulin
D.Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- 5.
Which of the following best describes the path of an egg cell if it is not fertilized?
A.Ovary --> Oviduct --> Uterus --> Cervix --> Vagina
B.Oviduct --> Ovary --> Uterus --> Vagina
C.Ovary --> Uterus --> Oviduct --> Vagina
D.Uterus --> Oviduct --> Ovary --> Cervix
- 6.
What is the role of the placenta in terms of waste management?
A.It filters out bacteria from the fetal blood
B.It allows urea to diffuse from fetal blood to maternal blood
C.It converts fetal carbon dioxide into oxygen
D.It stores solid waste until birth
- 7.
How many chromosomes are typically present in a human zygote?
A.23
B.46
C.92
D.12
- 8.
Which structural adaptation of the placenta increases the efficiency of nutrient and gas exchange?
A.The presence of thick muscular walls to pump blood to the fetus.
B.The large surface area provided by numerous chorionic villi.
C.The long distance between maternal and fetal blood vessels to prevent infection.
D.The storage of large amounts of fat to insulate the fetus.
- 9.
How does HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) primarily affect the human body's ability to maintain health?
A.By attacking the red blood cells, causing severe anemia.
B.By destroying Helper T-cells, thereby weakening the adaptive immune response.
C.By preventing the production of progesterone in the ovaries.
D.By blocking the vas deferens, leading to infertility.
- 10.
What is the fate of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?
A.It becomes the placenta.
B.It becomes the amniotic sac.
C.It develops into the embryo/fetus.
D.It is shed during the next menstruation.
Download the worksheet for Reproduction - Sexual reproduction in humans to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
SubtopicSexually transmitted infections (STIs) under Reproduction for Grade 12 IGCSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
If a person suspects they have an STI, what is the best course of action?
A.Wait for a month to see if it goes away
B.Go to a clinic or doctor for professional testing and advice
C.Try to treat it with over-the-counter cough medicine
D.Ignore it because STIs are not serious
- 2.
Which of these STIs is caused by a spiral-shaped bacterium called a spirochete?
A.HIV
B.Syphilis
C.Genital Warts
D.Herpes
- 3.
What happens to the body's vulnerability to other diseases when HIV is left untreated?
A.Vulnerability decreases
B.The body becomes immune to all viruses
C.Vulnerability increases as the immune system is damaged
D.The body only becomes vulnerable to broken bones
- 4.
Which statement about HIV transmission is true?
A.It can be spread by sharing a toilet seat
B.It can be spread through the exchange of certain body fluids
C.It is highly contagious through the air like a cold
D.It can be spread by hugging
- 5.
What is the primary reason why multiple-drug therapy (cocktails) is used to treat HIV instead of a single drug?
A.To make the pills taste better for the patient
B.To attack the virus at different stages of its life cycle and prevent resistance
C.To ensure the patient receives enough calories from the medication
D.To prevent the virus from moving from the blood to the lymph
- 6.
In the lifecycle of a retrovirus like HIV, what is the 'provirus'?
A.The initial protein coat of the virus
B.The viral DNA that has been integrated into the host's genome
C.A virus that has not yet become infectious
D.The RNA template used for translation
- 7.
Which of the following is an example of a non-sexual route through which gonorrhoea can be transmitted?
A.From an infected mother to her baby during childbirth
B.By sharing towels or bed linens in a hotel
C.Through the bite of an infected flea
D.By swimming in a lake with infected fish
- 8.
What is the specific role of the 'CCR5' protein in the context of HIV infection?
A.It is an enzyme that helps replicate the viral RNA.
B.It is a co-receptor on the host cell surface that HIV uses to enter the cell.
C.It is a protein on the viral envelope that mimics host hormones.
D.It is a signal molecule that triggers the host cell to undergo apoptosis.
- 9.
If a patient has a CD4+ T-cell count of 150 cells/L, they are clinically classified as having:
A.A healthy immune system
B.Acute HIV infection
C.Clinical latency
D.AIDS
- 10.
Why can't HIV be cured by simply killing all the active viruses in the bloodstream?
A.The virus can hide as a latent provirus within the DNA of long-lived resting memory T-cells.
B.The virus is too small to be targeted by any known chemical agent.
C.The virus can transform into a bacterial spore when it senses danger.
D.The virus regenerates from the host's own mitochondrial DNA.
Download the worksheet for Reproduction - Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.