Evolution and Biodiversity

Variation

Acquired traits

Cloning

A stable environment with no changes

The organism must be eaten by predators

The organism must be buried quickly in sediment

The organism must live in a desert

The organism must have soft tissues only

The green beetles

The brown beetles

Both have the same advantage

Neither can survive

A living relative of a modern species

An individual from which two or more different species evolved

An organism that has no offspring

The largest animal in a population

Islands have no predators, so evolution happens more slowly

Islands provide isolated environments where adaptive radiation can be clearly observed

Island species are not subject to the laws of natural selection

There is no genetic variation among island populations

Vertebrate fossils appear in the record before invertebrate fossils

Prokaryotic fossils appear in the record before eukaryotic fossils

Plant fossils appear in the record before any bacterial fossils

Mammal fossils appear in the record before fish fossils

It is definitely older than $250$ million years

It is approximately $250$ million years old

It is much younger than the guide fossil

It is impossible to determine its age from this information

Evolution that occurs without any changes to the DNA sequence.

Evolutionary changes that are driven by genetic drift rather than natural selection because the mutations do not affect fitness.

Evolution that leads to a species becoming less complex over time.

The process where two species evolve to become more similar to each other.

It suggests that life only became possible once the Earth cooled down.

It points to a common origin for all cellular life on Earth.

It shows that membranes are the only way to store genetic information.

It demonstrates that phospholipids are the most abundant molecules in the universe.

They have reached a state of 'evolutionary perfection' where no more mutations can occur.

Their environment has remained stable, and stabilizing selection has eliminated most variants.

They are not actually living organisms but are 'living fossils' created by modern scientists.

They reproduce asexually, so there is no variation for natural selection to act upon.

Variation -> Competition -> Survival of the best adapted -> Reproduction

Reproduction -> Mutation -> Immediate change in species -> Stability

Stability -> Overproduction -> No variation -> Extinction

Competition -> Mutation -> Adaptation -> Individual change

Better-adapted individuals have a higher probability of reproducing

Poorly adapted individuals choose not to reproduce

The environment rewards hard-working individuals

All individuals in a population become better adapted simultaneously

Mutations are always harmful to the organism

Mutations are always beneficial to the organism

Mutations occur randomly in the genome

Mutations only occur when the organism needs to adapt

It will evolve faster

It cannot evolve via natural selection

It will become immune to all diseases

It will produce more offspring

It will be passed to all offspring and drive evolution.

It will have no effect on the evolution of the population as it is not inherited.

It will cause all other individuals in the population to develop the same mutation.

It will immediately be selected for if it is beneficial.

A large population size with no migration.

A very stable environment with no predators.

A strong selection pressure and high genetic variation.

A low mutation rate and asexual reproduction.

Artificial selection by the scientist.

Natural selection acting on the timing of flowering.

A decrease in genetic variation in the population.

The plants choosing to flower early to avoid the heat.

It acts as a mutagen, increasing the rate of DNA damage.

It acts as a selective agent, removing susceptible individuals and allowing resistant ones to thrive.

It provides the nutrients necessary for the resistant bacteria to grow faster.

It stimulates the bacteria to share plasmids via conjugation.

Because an individual's fitness depends on its physical strength compared to its rivals.

Because a phenotype that is beneficial in one environment may be neutral or harmful in another.

Because fitness is measured only by the length of time an organism survives.

Because only the top 10% of a population are considered 'fit'.

Meiosis.

Fertilization.

Mutation.

Independent Assortment.

Kingdom

Phylum

Family

Species

Family

Genus

Class

Species

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Mollusca

Two organisms in the same Phylum

Two organisms in the same Class

Two organisms in the same Order

Two organisms in the same Genus

Heterotrophic nutrition

Cell walls made of cellulose

The ability to move from place to place

Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus

The family name

The species name

The genus name

The order name

Bryophyta

Filicinophyta

Coniferophyta

Angiospermophyta

Bacteria have cell walls made of cellulose, while Archaea have walls of peptidoglycan

Archaea lack a cell wall entirely, whereas Bacteria always have one

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, whereas Archaea use different proteins or polysaccharides

Bacteria use chitin in their cell walls, while Archaea use peptidoglycan

Reptilia

Osteichthyes

Amphibia

Mammalia

Grouping organisms together based on their shared habitat and feeding methods

Grouping organisms together based on their shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships

Grouping organisms based on their utility to humans

Grouping organisms based on alphabetical order of their scientific names

A timeline of all life on Earth

A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

The physical growth of an individual

The population density of a species

They all had identical DNA

They did not all share a common ancestor, making the group invalid

They were all found to be extinct

They all moved to a new geographic location

They occupy similar niches and face similar selection pressures

They have identical DNA sequences

They interbred in the past

They both evolved from the same recent common ancestor

Is always 100% accurate

Does not always match evolutionary relationships

Is only useful for plants

Is the only way to classify fossils

A bat (mammal)

A crocodile (reptile)

A dragonfly (insect)

A shark (fish)

Physical characteristics are too difficult to measure

Physical characteristics do not always reflect the genetic history due to convergent evolution

DNA is only present in some organisms

Cladistics allows for more categories in the hierarchy

The speed of light

The current global temperature

Fossil records with known dates of divergence

The size of the genome

Succulent stems are a homologous trait derived from the most recent common ancestor of all three species.

Species X and Y form a monophyletic clade characterized by shared ancestral DNA sequences.

Succulent stems are an analogous trait that evolved independently in Species X and Species Y through convergent evolution.

The DNA sequences in Tree 2 are likely inaccurate due to high rates of synonymous mutations in the chloroplast genome.

Species X + Species Y: $84^\circ C$; Species X + Species Z: $77^\circ C$; Species Y + Species Z: $77^\circ C$

Species X + Species Y: $77^\circ C$; Species X + Species Z: $84^\circ C$; Species Y + Species Z: $84^\circ C$

Species X + Species Y: $84^\circ C$; Species X + Species Z: $84^\circ C$; Species Y + Species Z: $77^\circ C$

Species X + Species Y: $72^\circ C$; Species X + Species Z: $72^\circ C$; Species Y + Species Z: $88^\circ C$

The relationship is usually linear, with more differences indicating more time

The relationship is exponential, as mutations occur faster over time

The relationship is inverse, as more differences indicate a more recent ancestor

There is no predictable relationship between DNA sequence differences and time

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