Ecology

High levels of oxygen

Anaerobic respiration by bacteria and partial decomposition

Abundant sunlight

Rapid flow of river water

Ultraviolet light

Chemical energy

Heat (Infrared radiation)

Nuclear energy

Photosynthesis by algae

Cellular respiration by all living organisms

Formation of limestone

Peat accumulation in bogs

Apex predators

Primary consumers

Saprotrophs and detritivores

Insects and birds

The population decreases due to lack of food

The population increases due to reduced predation

The population remains unchanged

The primary consumers become autotrophs

They must live in the same geographic location

They must have the exact same DNA sequence

They can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

They must belong to the same trophic level

It disappears instantly

It is used by detritivores and saprotrophs

It is converted back into light energy

It is locked away forever and cannot be accessed

Cyanobacteria: Autotroph

Vulture: Saprotroph

Fungi: Detritivore

Orchid: Heterotroph

The energy remaining after five transfers is insufficient to support a viable population of a higher trophic level.

Top predators are too large to be eaten by any other organism in the ecosystem.

The amount of toxins accumulated via biomagnification becomes lethal at the sixth level.

Evolution has not yet produced an organism capable of digesting a fifth-level consumer.

Because $(rows - 1) \times (columns - 1) = (2 - 1) \times (2 - 1) = 1$.

Because there are only two species being compared.

Because the chi-squared value is only valid for small datasets.

Because we are only testing one null hypothesis at a time.

An organism that feeds directly on producers

An organism that is the first to be born in a season

An organism that converts light into food

An organism that eats secondary consumers

Liters per hectare

Grams per square meter ($g\\,m^{-2}$)

Volts per organism

Degrees Celsius

Chlorophyll

Oxygen

Carbohydrates

Water

Producer

Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Saprotroph

Light energy $\rightarrow$ Chemical energy

Chemical energy $\rightarrow$ Kinetic energy + Heat energy

Thermal energy $\rightarrow$ Chemical energy

Kinetic energy $\rightarrow$ Light energy

Trophic level 3

Trophic level 4

Trophic level 5

Trophic level 6

It is recycled into the core of the planet.

It is stored forever in fossil fuels.

It is radiated into space as heat.

It is converted into matter via E=mc^2.

Energy flows more quickly through a web.

Organisms have multiple alternative energy sources if one population declines.

There is no heat loss in a complex food web.

Webs have fewer trophic levels than chains.

Ecosystems must have a continuous influx of energy from an external source.

Producers must eventually evolve to live without sunlight.

The total biomass of the Earth must decrease every year.

Nutrient cycles will eventually stop as energy runs out.

The cow, because it eats at a lower trophic level.

The lion, because its food (meat) is more easily digested and assimilated than the cow's food (grass).

Both will have the same efficiency because they are the same mass.

The cow, because it does not spend energy hunting.

Through the eating of animals

Through the uptake of $CO_2$ by plants

Through the drinking of water

Through the absorption of minerals by roots

It is immediately turned into peat

It diffuses into the surrounding atmosphere

It is stored in the cow's hooves

It is converted into limestone

Atmospheric dust

Coral reefs

Floating plastic

Pure nitrogen gas

Methanogenesis

Respiration

Lithification

Sedimentation

The solubility of $CO_2$ increases, and concentration goes up

The solubility of $CO_2$ decreases, and $CO_2$ may be released into the atmosphere

Temperature has no effect on the concentration of dissolved gases

The $CO_2$ is immediately converted into methane at higher temperatures

Photosynthesis by mosses on rock surfaces

Formation of coal in ancient swamps

Volcanic eruptions releasing $CO_2$ from melted carbonate rocks

Sedimentation of shells on the ocean floor

The rate of carbon dioxide release into the soil and atmosphere would decrease

The rate of photosynthesis by trees would increase significantly

Organic matter would decompose more quickly

Atmospheric oxygen levels would rise

Continuous measurement at standardized observatories and retrospective analysis of ice cores

Measuring the change in the total biomass of all forests every ten years

Calculating the amount of coal and oil sold globally and multiplying by a constant

Counting the number of stomata on leaves of herbarium specimens from different centuries

Cellular respiration

Lithification

Fossilization

Sedimentation

It creates anaerobic conditions that slow down the rate of aerobic respiration, leading to carbon accumulation

It increases the rate of respiration by providing more hydrogen for the electron transport chain

It has no effect because saprotrophs are capable of switching to methanogenesis instantly

It increases the $pH$, which optimizes the activity of decomposer enzymes

A steady decrease in concentration.

A steady increase in concentration with annual fluctuations.

A constant concentration with no change.

A random pattern with no clear trend.

It is used by fish for respiration.

It dissolves into the surface water.

It is frozen into icebergs.

It is turned into salt by underwater volcanoes.

It is only caused by man-made chemicals.

It is essential for maintaining temperatures that support life.

It involves the trapping of short-wave ultraviolet light.

It has only been occurring for the last 50 years.

It releases trapped greenhouse gases like methane.

It makes the Earth's surface more reflective.

It uses up all the oxygen in the atmosphere.

It stops the movement of tectonic plates.

Anaerobic and alkaline conditions; global warming increases the rate of carbon sequestration by decreasing saprotroph activity.

Aerobic and acidic conditions; global warming leads to increased water saturation and reduces the release of carbon.

Anaerobic and acidic conditions; global warming causes drying of the soil which increases the rate of aerobic decomposition.

Aerobic and alkaline conditions; global warming increases the rate of photosynthesis, causing more carbon to be stored in the peat.

A decrease in the rate of evaporation from the oceans.

An increase in the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere.

A total stop in the formation of clouds.

The transition of all freshwater into the solid ice phase.

More carbonate ions ($CO_3^{2-}$) are formed.

More bicarbonate ions ($HCO_3^-$) are formed as $H^+$ reacts with $CO_3^{2-}$.

Calcium carbonate precipitates more rapidly.

The pH of the water increases.

It increases the mixing of nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface.

It reduces the transport of oxygen to the deep ocean and nutrients to the surface.

It makes the ocean more uniform in temperature from top to bottom.

It prevents $CO_{2}$ from entering the atmosphere.

Nitrous Oxide ($N_{2}O$)

Methane ($CH_{4}$)

Ozone ($O_{3}$)

Water Vapor ($H_{2}O$)

It chemically reacts with ice to lower its melting point.

It decreases the albedo of the ice, causing it to absorb more solar radiation.

It acts as an insulator, trapping heat beneath the soot layer.

It increases the surface area of the ice through microscopic pitting.

The $pH$ increases (becomes more basic)

The $pH$ decreases (becomes more acidic)

The $pH$ remains perfectly neutral at 7.0

The $pH$ fluctuates wildly every hour

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrogen gas

Nitrous oxide

It is more than the energy available to the primary consumer

It is exactly the same as the energy available to the producer

It is less than the energy available to the primary consumer

It is the sum of all energy in the ecosystem

Oxygen and Glucose

Carbon dioxide and Water

Methane and Ozone

Ammonia and Hydrogen

The height of each plant in the quadrat

The presence or absence of each species in several quadrats

The total biomass of each species in the habitat

The rate of photosynthesis for both species

It ensures that species remain genetically distinct from one another

It allows for the exchange of genes within a species

It causes the abiotic environment to change more rapidly

It prevents the formation of communities

An earthworm

A mushroom fungus

A vulture

A sea anemone

The total concentration of the gas and its ability to absorb long-wave radiation.

The gas's ability to reflect short-wave radiation back into space.

The density of the gas in the stratosphere compared to the troposphere.

The reactivity of the gas with oxygen in the atmosphere.

The number of consumers is always less than the number of producers.

Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level according to the second law of thermodynamics.

The biomass of producers is always greater than the biomass of consumers.

Top predators have higher energy density than producers.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Denitrifying bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria

Saprotrophic bacteria