Waves

$v = f \times \lambda$

$v = f / \lambda$

$v = \lambda / f$

$v = f + \lambda$

X-rays

Microwaves

Radio waves

Gamma rays

Rarefactions

Crests

Troughs

Compressions

$50\text{ m/s}$

$0.02\text{ m/s}$

$200\text{ m/s}$

$102\text{ m/s}$

It increases

It decreases

It remains the same

It doubles

Wavelength

Frequency

Wave speed

Amplitude

Ultraviolet

Infrared

X-rays

Radio waves

$0^\circ$

$90^\circ$

$180^\circ$

$360^\circ$

They are transverse waves

They travel at $3.0 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}$

They have the same frequency

They can be polarized

$2.12 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}$

$3.00 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}$

$1.50 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}$

$4.24 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}$

They are directly proportional.

They are inversely proportional.

They are equal to each other.

They have no relationship.

X-rays and Gamma rays

Radio waves and Microwaves

Visible light and Infrared

Ultraviolet and X-rays

Radio waves are the most dangerous because they are the longest.

Visible light is the only dangerous part of the spectrum.

High-frequency waves like Gamma rays are generally more dangerous to biological tissue.

Low-frequency waves carry more energy and cause more damage.

Red

Yellow

Green

Violet

They have a very long wavelength.

They can be reflected by soft tissues.

They are absorbed to different extents by different body tissues.

They have the lowest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

Green, Blue, Red, Violet, Yellow, Orange, Indigo

Violet, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo

$1.0 \times 10^{6}$ Hz

$9.0 \times 10^{10}$ Hz

$3.0 \times 10^{8}$ Hz

$1.0 \times 10^{-6}$ Hz

The X-ray pulsar is much colder than the radio pulsar.

The X-ray pulsar involves higher-energy processes, likely involving much stronger magnetic fields or higher temperatures.

The X-ray pulsar is much further away, and the waves have gained energy during travel.

The radio pulsar waves have a higher frequency but lower energy per photon.

Blue light travels slower in the atmosphere than red light.

The shorter wavelength of blue light is closer to the size of the gas molecules, leading to more efficient Rayleigh scattering.

Red light is absorbed by the ozone layer, leaving only blue light to be seen.

The atmosphere acts as a giant prism that refracts blue light at a steeper angle toward the surface.

X-rays have a wavelength comparable to the distance between atoms in a crystal, allowing for diffraction patterns to form.

X-rays are absorbed by the electrons, causing the atoms to glow in visible light.

X-rays have a low frequency, which prevents them from moving the atoms while they are being measured.

X-rays are the only EM waves that can travel through solid solids without slowing down.

Reflection

Refraction

Diffraction

Absorption

Reflected ray

Normal ray

Incident ray

Emergent ray

Light bending as it enters glass

Light reflecting off a mirror

Light reflecting back into a denser medium at the boundary

Light spreading out into a rainbow

$80^{\circ}$

$160^{\circ}$

$40^{\circ}$

$20^{\circ}$

$n_1 > n_2 > n_3$

$n_2 > n_1 > n_3$

$n_3 > n_2 > n_1$

$n_2 > n_3 > n_1$

It is always less than $1$.

It is always equal to $1$.

It is always greater than or equal to $1$.

It has units of meters per second.

$62.5^{\circ}$

$41.8^{\circ}$

$48.8^{\circ}$

$70.1^{\circ}$

$333 \text{ nm}$

$750 \text{ nm}$

$500 \text{ nm}$

$250 \text{ nm}$

$34.2^{\circ}$

$47.3^{\circ}$

$30.1^{\circ}$

$45.5^{\circ}$

$1.53$

$1.33$

$1.67$

$1.20$

A point of maximum pressure

A point of minimum pressure

The start of the wave

The end of the wave

It is very loud

It is very fast

It has a frequency too high for humans to hear

It has a frequency too low for humans to hear

Pitch

Amplitude

Wavelength

Speed

$0 dB$

$20 dB$

$50 dB$

$100 dB$

The eardrum

The ossicles

The cochlea

The auditory canal

$0.02\text{ s}$

$0.05\text{ s}$

$0.50\text{ s}$

$2.00\text{ s}$

Increasing the frequency of the sound

Increasing the amplitude of the sound

Increasing the temperature of the air

Decreasing the wavelength of the sound

$0.68\text{ m}$

$0.34\text{ m}$

$1.36\text{ m}$

$0.17\text{ m}$

$68\text{ m}$

$136\text{ m}$

$85\text{ m}$

$170\text{ m}$

$\lambda/4$

$\lambda/2$

$\lambda$

$2\lambda$

Frequency

Wavelength

Speed

Amplitude

1 m/s

0.25 m/s

4 m/s

2.5 m/s

2 s

0.5 s

1 s

4 s

$v = \lambda / T$

$v = \lambda T$

$v = T / \lambda$

$v = \lambda + T$

0.5 m

0.008 m

2 m

20 m

1.83 x 10^-15 s

$5.45 x 10^14 s$

$1.65 x 10^1 s$

1.83 x 10^-7 s

0.2 m

0.1 m

5 m

0.05 m

$7.5 \times 10^{14} \text{ Hz}$

$7.5 \times 10^{12} \text{ Hz}$

$1.33 \times 10^{14} \text{ Hz}$

$1.33 \times 10^{15} \text{ Hz}$

$0.336 \text{ m}$

$0.672 \text{ m}$

$1.344 \text{ m}$

$0.168 \text{ m}$

$10 \text{ minutes}$

$20 \text{ minutes}$

$5 \text{ minutes}$

$600 \text{ seconds}$

Refraction

Reflection

Dispersion

Diffraction

Bouncing of light

Bending of light as it enters a new medium

Light traveling in a straight line

The absorption of light

Violet

Indigo

Blue

Red

Only one color

Many colors

No color

Invisible color

Indigo

Green

Orange

Blue

Diffraction

Dispersion

Total Internal Reflection

Scattering

Light with frequency $7 \times 10^{14}$ Hz

Light with frequency $6 \times 10^{14}$ Hz

Light with frequency $5 \times 10^{14}$ Hz

Light with frequency $4 \times 10^{14}$ Hz

The beam will become more dispersed (the spectrum will widen).

The beam will become less dispersed (the spectrum will narrow).

The colors will recombine into white light.

The light will stop being dispersed and only refract.

The refractive index for yellow light ($D$-line of Sodium).

The average of the refractive indices of violet and red light.

The refractive index of green light at $550$ nm.

The refractive index of white light itself.

Combine a positive lens of one glass type with a negative lens of a different glass type.

Use only one type of glass but make the lens very thick.

Coat the lens with a material that has the same refractive index for all colors.

Make the lens perfectly flat on both sides.

It absorbs red light

It reflects red light and absorbs other colors

It transmits red light

It creates its own red light

To focus light

To control light entry

To carry signals to the brain

To protect the eye

Clear glass

Air

A wooden door

Pure water

Wavelength increases

Wavelength decreases

Wavelength stays the same

Wavelength becomes infinite

Reflect back along the same path.

Pass straight through without bending.

Bend away from the normal.

Undergo total internal reflection.

They cannot penetrate soft tissues.

They are ionizing radiation and can damage living cells.

They are too expensive for common use.

The images produced are low resolution.

Diffraction through narrow tubes.

Total internal reflection in optical fibers.

Refraction through a series of lenses.

X-ray transmission.

$+5\text{ diopters}$

$+10\text{ diopters}$

$-5\text{ diopters}$

$-10\text{ diopters}$

$10^{10}\text{ Hz}$

$10^8\text{ Hz}$

$9 \times 10^8\text{ Hz}$

$10^9\text{ Hz}$

They are longitudinal waves and can travel through both solids and liquids.

They are transverse waves and can only travel through the Earth's crust.

They are slower than S-waves and are the second to arrive at a station.

They are surface waves that cause the most damage during an earthquake.

They all continue straight

They spread out over a range of angles

They reverse direction

They turn exactly 90 degrees

Gamma rays

X-rays

Visible light

Radio waves

Reflection

Diffraction

Refraction

Absorption

A high-pitched whistle (short wavelength)

A low-pitched drum beat (long wavelength)

They diffract the same

Visible light from a torch

It only involves reflection.

It leads to interference between the two diffracted waves.

It produces a single straight line on a screen.

It is called refraction.

Increase the frequency of the motor.

Decrease the frequency of the motor.

Add more water to increase depth.

Decrease the amplitude of the motor.

Particle properties.

Wave properties.

Magnetic properties.

No mass.

The shadow becomes sharper and more defined.

The shadow disappears as the wave diffracts completely around the obstacle.

The shadow becomes larger than the obstacle itself.

The shadow turns into a bright spot due to reflection.

Particles would spread out more than waves when passing through a gap.

Particles would move in straight lines and leave a sharp-edged shadow, unlike the observed spreading of light.

Waves cannot travel through a vacuum, but light can.

Waves always travel at the same speed, whereas particles can speed up.

Using waves with a higher frequency.

Using a wider gap in the barrier.

Using waves with a larger amplitude.

Using waves with a lower frequency.