Health Immunity and Disease

Temperature

Bacteria

Ultraviolet light

Pollution

Ignoring the problem

Regular physical activity

Staying up late every night

Eating only junk food

Local outbreak

Endemic

Pandemic

Minor illness

General swelling

The skin

Specific immunity using lymphocytes

Stomach acid

Only the temperature of the room a person is in.

The external surroundings, including air quality, water safety, and living conditions.

The internal pH balance of the human stomach.

The genetic code inherited from one's parents.

It contains pathogens that directly cause the flu.

It damages the cilia and lungs, making them more susceptible to infections and cancer.

It only affects the social health of the smoker's family.

It is a spiritual choice that has no physical consequences.

Eliminating all bacteria from the Earth's surface.

Attaining the highest possible level of health for all people.

Ensuring every person takes a daily multivitamin.

Providing free antibiotics to every household.

Because diseases do not respect national borders due to global travel and trade.

Because all countries use the same healthcare system.

Because local health issues have no impact on the global economy.

Because the WHO requires all countries to have the same diseases.

Diseases that appear suddenly and last for a short time.

Conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living.

Infections that are passed quickly from one person to another.

Diseases that only affect the elderly.

The Plasmodium parasite.

The mosquito.

The human who was bitten.

The stagnant water where the mosquito lives.

Eating more vegetables

Using mosquito nets and insecticides

Taking aspirin

Washing hands after using the toilet

Antibodies

Cellulose cell walls

White blood cells

Stomach acid

$pH 2$

$pH 7$

$pH 9$

$pH 14$

Vaccine

Antibody

Antibiotic

Antigen

Antibodies and T-cells

Phagocytes and inflammation

Physical and chemical barriers like skin and stomach acid

Hospitals and doctors

It becomes invisible to the immune system

It is more easily recognized and engulfed by phagocytes

It begins to reproduce much faster

It transforms into a helpful bacterium

The production of specific antibodies against the measles virus

Inflammation and fever

The action of memory B-cells

The formation of a specific vaccine

The removal of B and T cells that react against the body's own 'self' antigens during their maturation.

The destruction of all B-cells in the body by a virus.

The process where one bacterium eats another to gain its DNA.

The shedding of the outer layer of skin to remove pathogens.

To ensure that all the antibodies produced are identical and specific to a single epitope.

To make the cells grow large enough to be seen with the naked eye.

To prevent the cells from dying due to old age.

To mix the antibodies from many different B-cells together.

Innate immunity is highly specific; Adaptive immunity is non-specific.

Innate immunity is present from birth and acts immediately; Adaptive immunity is developed over time and provides a tailored, long-lasting response.

Adaptive immunity only uses physical barriers like skin.

Innate immunity involves memory cells, while Adaptive immunity does not.

Epidemiology

Geology

Astronomy

Physics

Eradication of certain diseases

Decrease in the need for healthy eating

Making everyone taller

Increasing the strength of bacteria

To pump blood to the brain

To filter out pathogens and house white blood cells

To store fat for energy

To produce digestive enzymes

Antibiotics in their food

Naturally acquired active immunity

Artificial passive immunity

Their skin becoming thicker

By curing people who are already sick with a chronic disease

By preventing the spread of infectious diseases across a population

By making people more athletic and energetic

By replacing the need for a healthy diet

Reduced healthcare costs by preventing outbreaks

Increased resistance to all types of bacteria, including non-pathogenic ones

Elimination of the need for any other medicines

Complete removal of all viruses from the planet

The vaccine is contaminated with a different disease

The fever is a sign that the immune system is responding to the vaccine

The vaccine has caused the person to catch the actual disease

The person is having an allergic reaction to the needle

The Helper T-cell releases signals to activate the B-cell.

The B-cell immediately turns into a red blood cell.

The antigen is expelled from the body through the lungs.

The T-cell dies to provide energy to the B-cell.

Chronic stress or malnutrition, which suppresses the immune system's ability to respond.

Drinking too much water after the injection.

Having a high number of red blood cells.

Sleeping more than 8 hours on the day of vaccination.

The pathogen has a long incubation period, allowing the vaccine-induced immune response to develop before the virus reaches the target organ.

The Rabies vaccine contains pre-formed antibodies that work instantly.

The virus is attracted to the vaccine and leaves the host cells to attack it.

The vaccine makes the blood too acidic for the virus to survive.

Taking medicine once a day

Conditions relating to public health, especially clean drinking water and sewage disposal

Doing 30 minutes of cardio

The study of ancient diseases

They might break

To prevent the direct transmission of blood-borne or oral pathogens

It is against the law

They are expensive

Common Cold

COVID-19

Typhoid fever

HIV/AIDS

Airborne

Water-borne

Vector-borne

Indirect contact via fomite

Shared computer keyboards

A faulty air-recirculation system

A contaminated water cooler

An increase in office flies

Are inhaled into the lungs

Are swallowed into the stomach

Enter through a break in the skin or via injection

Are passed from mother to baby

Using insect repellent

Vaccination

Handwashing

Disinfecting surfaces

The oocysts have a thick, protective outer shell that is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection.

The pathogen is a virus that can only be killed by ultraviolet light, not chemicals.

The parasite only infects individuals who have a pre-existing skin condition.

The chlorine actually helps the parasite to hatch from its protective cyst more quickly.

The salivary glands, where the virus is concentrated before being transmitted via a bite.

The respiratory tract, as the virus is aerosolized during aggressive barking.

The gastrointestinal tract, where the virus is shed in the feces.

The skin, where the virus is shed through dander and hair loss.

The passage of a pathogen from an adult female vector to its offspring via its eggs.

The transfer of a pathogen from a male vector to a female vector during mating.

The transmission of a pathogen from a vector's gut to its salivary glands.

The ability of a pathogen to infect the ovaries of a human host.

Acute

Infectious

Chronic

Temporary

Irritation of the airways by chemicals in smoke

A healthy lung cleaning process

Drinking too much water

Eating spicy food

It makes the heart weaker

It strengthens the heart muscle

It clogs the arteries

It reduces blood flow

A protective covering on nerves

A valve in the heart

A layer of the skin

A part of the stomach lining

Red blood cells

Helper T-cells

Platelets

Skin cells

It slows down the heart rate to dangerously low levels.

It causes blood vessels to constrict and increases blood pressure.

It prevents blood from clotting, causing excessive bleeding.

It decreases the production of adrenaline.

A disease that is 100% fatal.

The presence of two or more chronic diseases in the same person.

A disease that can only be caught from animals.

The rate at which a population grows.

Increased storage of glucose as glycogen.

Failure to suppress gluconeogenesis (sugar production), leading to higher fasting blood glucose levels.

The liver stops producing bile.

The liver begins to convert protein into insulin.

The process where T-cells that do not recognize any MHC are allowed to survive.

The elimination of T-cells that bind with high affinity to self-antigen/MHC complexes.

The destruction of bacteria by neutrophils.

The process of B-cell maturation in the spleen.

It transports cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues.

It promotes 'Reverse Cholesterol Transport,' moving excess cholesterol from the arteries back to the liver.

It forms the bulk of the atherosclerotic plaque.

It increases the inflammatory response in the blood vessels.

Only eating too much food

Only eating too little food

A diet that does not provide the right amount of nutrients

Eating only organic food

Cholera

HIV/AIDS

Malaria

Scurvy

Nutrient

Drug

Mineral

Water

Vitamin A

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Mosquitoes

Fleas on rats

Contaminated water

Aerosol droplets

To prevent the virus from mutating into a bacterium.

To ensure that even the most resistant bacteria are killed.

To help the immune system start producing its own antibiotics.

To increase the shelf life of the remaining pills.

Excessive exposure to UV radiation from the sun.

Eating too many fatty foods.

Lack of exercise.

Drinking contaminated water.

Natural Active Immunity

Artificial Active Immunity

Natural Passive Immunity

Artificial Passive Immunity

A decrease in the range of tropical disease vectors like the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

An expansion of the geographical range of vectors into higher latitudes and altitudes.

The complete eradication of all water-borne pathogens.

A reduction in the rate of viral mutations.

They make the bacteria move faster through the blood.

They are protective matrices of extracellular polymers that shield bacteria from antibiotics and the immune system.

They allow bacteria to photosynthesize inside the host.

They cause the host's body temperature to drop to freezing levels.