Energy

Gravity

Motion

Conservation of Energy

Thermodynamics

$1\ J$

$2\ J$

$4\ J$

$0.5\ J$

Gravitational

Elastic

Chemical

Sound

The center of the Earth

The ceiling

A reference point, like the ground

The top of the object

$588\text{ J}$

$600\text{ J}$

$490\text{ J}$

$1176\text{ J}$

It increases.

It decreases.

It remains constant.

It depends on the speed of movement.

It decreases by $25\text{ J}$.

It increases by $25\text{ J}$.

It remains the same.

It increases by $50\text{ J}$.

The conservation of momentum

Air resistance increasing with the square of the velocity

The decrease in gravitational potential energy

The runner's mass decreasing during the sprint

$40\%$

$60\%$

$80\%$

$90\%$

$1:3$

$3:1$

$1:4$

$4:1$

Efficiency is $100\%$

Energy is being dissipated as heat

The battery is full

Electricity is being created

$1 \, Newton-meter$

$1 \, Watt/second$

$1 \, kg \cdot m/s$

$1 \, Newton/meter$

It has no energy

It has maximum kinetic energy

It has gravitational potential energy

It is creating energy

Electrical -> Thermal -> Kinetic

Chemical -> Thermal -> Kinetic

Kinetic -> Chemical -> Thermal

Nuclear -> Kinetic -> Electrical

$600\ W$

$10\ W$

$2400\ W$

$20\ W$

Charging a battery from a solar panel.

A hot cup of coffee cooling down by transferring heat to the surroundings.

A ball rolling up a hill and slowing down.

Water being pumped into a high-level reservoir.

$10\ m/s$

$50\ m/s$

$100\ m/s$

$5\ m/s$

$\sqrt{2E/m}$

$\sqrt{E/m}$

$\sqrt{2kE/m}$

$E/m$

$5.83\ kW$

$4.67\ kW$

$3.20\ kW$

$6.25\ kW$

$10\%$

$50\%$

$90\%$

$99\%$

Newton ($N$)

Watt ($W$)

Newton-meter ($N\cdot m$)

Joule per second ($J/s$)

$P = W \times t$

$P = W / t$

$P = t / W$

$P = W + t$

$1000\text{ J}$

$10\text{ J}$

$0\text{ J}$

$100\text{ J}$

Energy that is stored for later use.

Energy that is destroyed during a process.

Energy that spreads out into the surroundings and becomes less useful.

Energy that is created by a machine.

$36.8\%$

$73.5\%$

$29.4\%$

$7.5\%$

Work is the same, Power is doubled

Work is the same, Power is halved

Work is doubled, Power is the same

Work is halved, Power is halved

$0.15$

$1.50$

$0.015$

$15.00$

$bv$

$bv^2$

$bv^3$

$0$

$50\text{ kJ}$

$100\text{ kJ}$

$150\text{ kJ}$

$200\text{ kJ}$

Chemical to Electrical

Electrical to Chemical

Electrical to Thermal

Kinetic to Electrical

Being dark and rough

Being light and shiny

Being black and smooth

Being transparent and thick

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Reflection

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Diffusion

To absorb more radiation

To reflect more radiation

To increase conduction

To stop convection

Metal has more potential energy than plastic

The plastic has a higher density and blocks heat

The metal has free electrons that transfer kinetic energy quickly

The plastic reflects infrared radiation better

It increases the rate of energy transfer by radiation and convection

It decreases the specific heat capacity of the metal

It prevents the radiator from becoming too hot

It has no effect on the energy transfer rate

$J/kg$

$J/^{\circ}C$

$J/(kg\cdot^{\circ}C)$

$Watts/kg$

Lead

Iron

Glass

Copper

It is the temperature where all molecular motion ceases entirely.

It is the temperature where a gas has zero potential energy.

It is the temperature where the kinetic energy of molecules is at its theoretical minimum.

It is the temperature at which water freezes in a vacuum.

$251\ seconds$

$279\ seconds$

$334\ seconds$

$225\ seconds$

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Nuclear

Coal

Oil

Wood

Natural gas

Coal

Uranium

Hydrogen

Carbon

Using energy as fast as possible

Meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs

Only using energy that is free

Ignoring the environmental impact of energy use

To ensure energy security and reliability if one source fails.

Because using only one source is illegal under international law.

To make sure the electricity is of different colors.

To increase the total amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Coal

Wood

Uranium

Natural Gas

It makes electricity free for all consumers.

It allows for better integration of renewable energy and manages demand.

It prevents the Law of Conservation of Energy from applying.

It eliminates the need for any power lines.

Coal

Crude Oil

Electricity

Natural Gas

The moon's gravity is weakening over time.

The high cost of underwater maintenance and limited suitable geographic locations.

Tides only happen once every 24 hours.

Salt water prevents electricity from being conducted to the shore.

100%

10%

0.1%

0.001%

Coal

Wood

Oil

Natural gas

Turbine

Generator

Transformer

Boiler

Chemical energy

Thermal energy

Nuclear energy

Electrical energy

Because they will eventually run out.

Because they are too cheap.

Because they are found everywhere on Earth.

Because they do not provide enough power.

$Q_{out} = E \times Q_{in}$

$Q_{out} = Q_{in} / E$

$Q_{out} = Q_{in} + E$

$Q_{out} = E - Q_{in}$

Coal is a cleaner source of energy.

Coal provides a 'base load' power that is available 24/7 regardless of weather.

Solar power is more expensive in every single country.

Coal is a renewable resource.

Heat pumps create energy from nothing.

Heat pumps move existing heat from outside to inside rather than generating it from scratch.

Electric heaters are $200\%$ efficient.

Heat pumps use coal more effectively.

Geothermal

Tidal

Solar (specifically fusion in the sun)

Biofuel

The heating of the oceans by the Sun.

The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun combined with the Earth's rotation.

The wind blowing across the surface of the sea.

The underwater volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges.

Polycrystalline Silicon

Amorphous Silicon

Multi-junction cells (GaAs)

Organic Photovoltaics

Natural Gas

Uranium

Solar Energy

Crude Oil

Natural cycles of the Sun

Human combustion of fossil fuels

Increased respiration by animals

Falling meteorites

A coal power plant

A large forest

An airplane

A volcano

Albedo

Absorption

Conduction

Convection

The time spent sleeping.

The amount of land required to produce the food they eat.

The number of social media accounts they own.

The weight of their physical body.

Without it, the Earth would be too cold to support liquid water and life.

It provides the oxygen needed for animals to breathe.

It prevents harmful X-rays from reaching the surface.

It keeps the Earth's gravity constant.

Photosynthesis

Respiration

The long-term formation and storage of fossil fuels

The consumption of plants by herbivores

More extreme seasonal variations (hotter summers and colder winters) in both hemispheres.

The elimination of seasons entirely, leading to a constant global temperature.

A significant decrease in the total amount of solar energy received by the Earth as a whole.

The permanent freezing of the equatorial regions due to lack of direct sunlight.

It explains why the Sun emits mostly visible light (short-wave) while the Earth emits mostly infrared (long-wave) based on their temperatures.

It calculates the exact amount of $CO_{2}$ needed to raise the temperature by $1^{\circ}C$.

It describes how gases move from areas of high concentration to low concentration in the atmosphere.

It defines the speed at which light travels through the different layers of the atmosphere.

Methane ($CH_{4}$)

Nitrous Oxide ($N_{2}O$)

Carbon Dioxide ($CO_{2}$)

Ozone ($O_{3}$)

$273^\circ C$

$283^\circ C$

$273 K$

They are the same

Celsius

Kelvin

Fahrenheit

Joule

Infinite

Maximum

Zero (minimum)

Standard volume

Expansion of a liquid

Mass of an object

Weight of an object

Color of a solid at room temperature

The volume of a gas.

The voltage produced at the junction of two different metals.

The color of a chemical strip.

The pressure of a liquid.

$0^\circ C$

$273 K$

$50^\circ C$

$300 K$

Absolute zero and the triple point of water.

The freezing and boiling points of alcohol.

The freezing and boiling points of pure water at 1 atm.

The lowest and highest temperatures recorded on Earth.

It is the point where the volume of an ideal gas would theoretically reach zero.

It is the temperature at which water is at its maximum density.

It is the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

It is the temperature where the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales intersect.

$373.15 K$

$373.16 K$

$373.00 K$

$273.15 K$

Kelvin; because it is directly proportional to the internal energy of an ideal gas.

Celsius; because it is based on the convenient properties of water.

Fahrenheit; because it offers more precision with smaller degree units.

Rankine; because it combines absolute zero with the Fahrenheit interval.

Good emitter

Poor emitter

Good reflector

Perfect insulator

It only moves upwards

It travels at the speed of light

It needs a solid to travel through

It cannot be reflected

The particles are too far apart

The particles are fixed in place and cannot flow

Solids do not have any energy

Solids are always cold

Chemical energy

Thermal energy

Gravitational energy

Nuclear energy

A thick layer of lead

A highly reflective silver-colored lining

A layer of black wool

A mesh of copper wires

Hotter particles move from the hot end to the cold end.

Particles vibrate more vigorously and pass energy to neighboring particles.

Energy is transferred by the movement of fluids.

Energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.

Copper is an insulator and plastic is a conductor.

Copper is a good conductor to heat the food; plastic is an insulator to protect the hand.

Copper reflects radiation and plastic absorbs it.

Copper increases convection and plastic decreases it.

Because cold air is denser and will sink, cooling the rest of the fridge via convection.

To prevent conduction through the floor.

Because radiation travels better downwards.

To make it easier to reach the motor at the back.

The metal object, because it is a better conductor.

The wooden object, because it is an insulator.

They are at the same temperature.

The one with the lower specific heat capacity.

Heat is the total internal energy due to molecular motion; temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy.

Heat is measured in Celsius; temperature is measured in Joules.

Temperature is the total energy; heat is the average energy.

They are different words for the exact same physical quantity.

The liquid absorbs cold from the air

The remaining liquid has a lower average kinetic energy

The vapor is cold

The container absorbs heat

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

The water gets colder

The air above the water becomes saturated with vapor

The lid adds pressure to the water

The surface area is reduced

Dry air and a warm window

Humid air and a warm window

Humid air and a cold window

Dry air and a cold window

Water vapor from the surrounding air condenses on the outer pot, which releases thermal energy into the atmosphere.

The water molecules in the sand absorb thermal energy from the inner pot to overcome their intermolecular forces.

The sand acts as a conductor, allowing kinetic energy from the external air to be absorbed by the inner food chamber.

The water molecules release latent heat of vaporization as they transition from a liquid to a gas.

$Q = m \times c \times \Delta T$

$Q = m / L_v$

$Q = m \times L_v$

$Q = L_v / m$

A cold, dry, and windy mountain peak.

A hot, humid, and still tropical rainforest.

A hot, dry, and windy desert.

A cold, humid, and still basement.

Both rooms will experience an equal increase in temperature because the final state of the water (vapor) is the same in both cases.

The air in Room 1 will decrease in temperature because the liquid mist droplets must absorb latent heat from the surrounding air to evaporate into a gas.

The air in Room 2 will decrease in temperature because the high-speed steam molecules collide with and absorb energy from the cooler air molecules.

Room 1 will experience a temperature increase because the ultrasonic vibrations add significant mechanical and thermal energy to the air.

The molecules of Substance X experience a greater decrease in potential energy as they form intermolecular bonds, releasing more energy to the surroundings.

The molecules of Substance X must lose significantly more kinetic energy than Substance Y to slow down enough to transition into a liquid state.

The temperature of Substance X drops more rapidly during the condensation process because its molecules have higher thermal capacity.

The higher $L_v$ of Substance X is caused by its gas molecules having a much higher average speed than those of Substance Y at the same temperature.

Rapid evaporation (boiling) at zero pressure removes latent heat so quickly that the remaining water freezes.

The vacuum of space is so cold that the water freezes instantly, and the boiling is just trapped air escaping.

The water reacts with the lack of pressure to create an exothermic reaction that leads to freezing.

The boiling increases the kinetic energy so much that the molecules start to vibrate in fixed positions.

$225 J/kg \cdot ^\circ C$

$450 J/kg \cdot ^\circ C$

$900 J/kg \cdot ^\circ C$

$0 J/kg \cdot ^\circ C$

Mass

Temperature

Specific heat capacity

Velocity of the object

Multiply by 1000

Divide by 1000

Multiply by 100

Add 1000

Slower

Faster

They stop moving

They disappear

Polystyrene has a higher specific heat capacity than copper.

Polystyrene is a better insulator, reducing heat loss to the environment.

Copper would react chemically with the water.

Copper would absorb more water than polystyrene.

$400\ J/kg^\circ C$

$320\ J/kg^\circ C$

$800\ J/kg^\circ C$

$200\ J/kg^\circ C$

More energy is needed for $1\ K$.

Less energy is needed for $1\ K$.

The same amount of energy is needed.

It depends on the initial temperature.

$C = mc$

$c = mC$

$C = c/m$

$C = m + c$

$400\text{ J/kg K}$

$800\text{ J/kg K}$

$200\text{ J/kg K}$

$600\text{ J/kg K}$

$131.25\text{ s}$

$13.1\text{ s}$

$525\text{ s}$

$262.5\text{ s}$

10

100

1000

1000000

Speed

Mass

Arrangement

Chemical identity

It decreases

It increases

It remains constant

It depends on the pressure

Gas and Liquid

Solid and Gas

Solid and Liquid

Liquid and Plasma

Mass of the ice

Specific latent heat of fusion

Specific heat capacity of ice

None of the above (all are needed)

It decreases.

It increases.

It remains constant.

It becomes zero.

$750 J$

$3,000 J$

$1,500 J$

$4,500 J$

23.1 g

11.5 g

34.2 g

7.7 g

The high pressure decreases the latent heat of vaporization.

The boiling point of water increases, allowing the liquid to reach a higher temperature before vaporizing.

The steam is prevented from escaping, so it re-condenses and releases latent heat into the food.

Both B and C are significant factors.

21,950 J

18,450 J

20,950 J

22,150 J

Iron

Copper

Water

Alcohol

Its mass decreases

Its volume decreases

Its particles move faster

Its temperature increases

Thermal expansion of the steel frame

The color of the clouds

The name of the city

The type of furniture used

Increase in the size of the nucleus

Decrease in the number of electrons

Increased amplitude of atomic vibrations

Atoms turning into molecules

The individual ethanol molecules expand and increase in size more than the water molecules do.

The heat causes the glass in Tube 1 to contract while the glass in Tube 2 expands.

Ethanol has a higher coefficient of volume expansion than water.

Water is denser than ethanol, which requires more energy to increase the spacing between its particles.

$\beta = \alpha$

$\beta = 2\alpha$

$\beta = 3\alpha$

$\beta = \alpha^3$

The glass base of the jar.

The metal lid only.

The whole jar and lid together.

The air inside the jar only.

$5/9$ of the original value.

$9/5$ of the original value.

The same as the original value.

The original value plus 32.

Convex side (outside of the curve).

Concave side (inside of the curve).

Bottom of the strip regardless of the curve.

The strip will not curve if it is heated uniformly.

It contracts when heated.

It expands when cooled.

Its density increases when heated.

All of the above.

Total energy of all particles

Average potential energy of the particles

Average kinetic energy of the particles

Total mass of the particles

Expansion

Phase change

Chemical reaction

Pressure increase

Length

Latent heat

Liquid volume

Loss of energy

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Liquid

Solid

Gas

Plasma

To ensure the temperature is uniform throughout the liquid.

To increase the rate of heat transfer from the heater.

To prevent the water from evaporating too quickly.

To add extra kinetic energy to the system.

$56,250\,J$

$67,500\,J$

$112,500\,J$

$12,500\,J$

Its temperature drops immediately.

It begins to freeze while the temperature remains at $50^{\circ}C$.

It evaporates faster.

Its temperature rises due to the latent heat.

$3.89 \times 10^{6}\,J$

$3.39 \times 10^{6}\,J$

$4.42 \times 10^{6}\,J$

$5.12 \times 10^{5}\,J$

Vaporization

Melting

Sublimation

Condensation