Biological Chemistry

They are used up as fuel

They speed up the chemical reactions

They provide the energy needed

They are a waste product

High levels of oxygen

Presence of enzymes

Complete darkness

A temperature of $100^{\circ}C$

They become part of water molecules

They are released as carbon dioxide gas

They are converted into oxygen

They stay in the mitochondria forever

The Nucleus

The Vacuole

The Mitochondria

The Ribosomes

To make the molecule more stable

To trap the glucose inside the cell and make it more reactive

To turn it into oxygen

To allow it to diffuse out of the cell faster

It occurs in the absence of oxygen

It produces less ATP than aerobic respiration

It only occurs in prokaryotic cells

It involves the breakdown of glucose

Water

Glucose

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Hexokinase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

ATP synthase

Cytochrome oxidase

They are converted into glucose

They are released as two molecules of $CO_{2}$

They are added to oxaloacetate to stay in the cycle permanently

They are used to pump protons across the membrane

2

6

8

10

$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O$

$CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + O_2$

$6O_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6CO_2$

To catch more sunlight

To reduce water loss by transpiration

To absorb water from the ground

To protect the plant from rain

Rate increases as distance increases

Rate decreases as distance increases

Rate is not affected by distance

Rate is constant at all distances

Green

White or Yellow

Blue

Black

To act as a heat shield and prevent temperature from becoming a confounding variable

To increase the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) available to the plant

To filter out specific wavelengths of light that might inhibit the rate of photosynthesis

To magnify the light rays and ensure the plant receives a higher light intensity

Blue-black

Yellow-brown

Bright green

Pink

Making cellulose for cell walls

Making proteins (when combined with nitrates)

Respiration to release energy

All of the above

At high light intensities, $CO_2$ concentration is the limiting factor.

At low light intensities, $CO_2$ concentration is the limiting factor.

Temperature has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis in this experiment.

Light intensity is always the limiting factor regardless of $CO_2$ levels.

6

12

1

3

The rate will remain very low because light (wavelength/quality) is the limiting factor.

The rate will increase tenfold because $CO_2$ is no longer limiting.

The rate will decrease because the plant will be 'suffocated' by the $CO_2$.

The plant will start using green light effectively because of the extra $CO_2$.

A inorganic mineral

A reusable biological catalyst

A source of vitamins

A type of fat

Happen too fast

Be too slow to support life

Stop entirely

Not change at all

Lactase

Maltase

Amylase

Protease

Raising the temperature of the cell

Providing a surface for the reaction and lowering activation energy

Adding more reactants to the cell

Changing the products of the reaction

It changes the color of the enzyme

It changes the way the protein folds, altering the shape of the active site

It makes the enzyme heavier and slower to move

It prevents the enzyme from being dissolved in water

They have identical chemical formulas

The substrate is much larger than the enzyme

Their shapes are complementary to each other at the active site

They are both inorganic molecules

The temperature is too low

The amount of substrate available

The amount of enzyme (active sites) available

The pH is too high

The rate increases because the activation energy is being lowered by the heat.

The rate increases because both enzyme and substrate molecules have more kinetic energy.

The rate decreases because the enzyme starts to denature slowly.

The rate stays constant because enzymes are biological and not physical catalysts.

The cell never runs out of the final product.

The cell does not overproduce the final product and waste resources.

The reaction always goes at the $V_{max}$.

The first enzyme is eventually destroyed when the product is high.

It is functioning at its maximum rate.

It is partially active but slower.

It is denatured and the active site shape is lost.

It has changed its specificity to bind a different substrate.

They are reusable

They work on only one type of substrate

They are used up in the reaction

They are sensitive to pH changes

Temperature

The concentration of starch

The time it takes for starch to disappear

The volume of oxygen produced

It determines which substrate it can bind to

It allows the enzyme to move around the cell

It makes the enzyme look colorful

It prevents the enzyme from being dissolved in water

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

Activation energy

Thermal energy

The point of denaturation

The maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) where all active sites are occupied

The optimum pH of the enzyme

The minimum activation energy

They are reusable

They are highly specific

They are used up in the reactions they catalyze

They are affected by changes in temperature

The entire protein surface

The sequence of amino acids in the tail

The specific shape and chemical environment of the active site

The bonds between different enzyme molecules

The increase in the rate of product formation versus the simultaneous increase in the rate of substrate depletion.

The increase in kinetic energy leading to more effective collisions versus the thermal disruption of the enzyme's tertiary structure.

The stabilization of the enzyme-substrate complex versus the reduction in the total activation energy required.

The increase in the solubility of the substrate versus the decrease in the pH of the surrounding cellular environment.

Kinetic energy increases faster than denaturation occurs.

Denaturation is a rapid, cooperative process that destroys the active site quickly.

Substrate molecules move slower at high temperatures.

The products of the reaction inhibit the enzyme at high temperatures.

The breakdown of starch into glucose by amylase.

The synthesis of a polypeptide from amino acids by a ribosome (peptidyl transferase).

The digestion of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.