Microscope and Microscopy

A paper towel

Special lens paper

A cotton shirt

A sponge

Zaccharias Janssen

Isaac Newton

Charles Darwin

Gregor Mendel

Alcohol

Glycerine

Water only

Wax

Scanning the specimen with a beam of light

Scanning the surface of the specimen with a beam of electrons

Scanning the slide for bacteria

Scanning the eyepiece for dust

The specimen stays in focus when changing objectives

The specimen stays in the center of the field of view when changing objectives

The light stays in the center of the stage

The objective lenses are all centered on the same point

Fine adjustment

Coarse adjustment

Diaphragm adjustment

Mechanical stage knob

4 mm

40 mm

400 mm

1 mm

Lenses cannot be made any smaller.

The light source is not bright enough.

Further magnification does not reveal more detail because of the physics of light diffraction.

Human eyes cannot see beyond this magnification.

The area where the researcher gets lost in the data.

An optical spot caused by a cone of light rays from a lens not coming to a perfect focus.

The circular field of view.

The shape of the diaphragm opening.

Glass

Plastic

Copper

Wood

Telescope

Microscope

Stethoscope

Thermometer

Low power objective

High power objective

Eyepiece

Mirror

About $2,000\times$

About $1,000,000\times$

About $5\times$

About $50,000\times$

The study of stars

The technical field of using microscopes to view objects

The study of rocks

The art of drawing cells

Is cheaper than a standard microscope

Uses a pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light and create sharp 3D images

Does not use any light or electrons

Was invented by Robert Hooke

They looked like the small rooms (cells) in a monastery

They were circular like battery cells

They were moving like biological cells

The word 'cell' means 'green' in Latin

1931

1937

1965

1890

To magnify the image further after it leaves the objective.

To focus and concentrate light from the source onto the specimen for uniform illumination.

To filter out infrared heat from the lamp.

To hold the specimen slide in place.

Methylene Blue

Carmine

Iodine

Safranin

They discovered the first bacteria in pond water.

They are generally credited with inventing the first compound microscope by placing two lenses in a tube.

They developed the mathematical formula for resolving power.

They were the first to use oil immersion to increase resolution.

Eyepiece

Vacuum pump

Objective lens

Stage

Fine-tuning the focus

Moving the stage significantly to find the specimen

Changing the objective lens

Turning on the light source

Upright and identical

Inverted and reversed

Larger but identical

Smaller and inverted

To keep the specimen cold

To prevent air molecules from scattering the electrons

To make the microscope lighter

To save electricity

Light passing through the specimen

Electrons passing through the specimen

Secondary electrons reflected from the specimen surface

Photons emitted by the specimen

10 times

100 times

1000 times

2 times

Robert Hooke

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Matthias Schleiden

Rudolf Virchow

1.51

1.31

0.866

0.75

Much lower than the objective NA to increase contrast.

Equal to or slightly greater than the objective NA to fully utilize the objective's resolution.

Always $1.0$ because it is in the air.

Exactly half of the objective's magnification.

The tube length of the microscope in centimeters.

The standard 'least distance of distinct vision' in centimeters.

The magnification of the objective lens.

The diameter of the eyepiece lens in millimeters.

Monocular microscope

Binocular microscope

Trinocular microscope

Stereo microscope

Magnify the image

Reflect or provide light to see the specimen

Hold the slide

Clean the lenses

Isaac Newton

Charles Darwin

Schleiden and Schwann

Galileo Galilei

100x

1,000x to 1,500x

100,000x

1,000,000x

$500\times$

$1500\times$

$10000\times$

$100,000\times$

Magnification is $10\times$ and Focal length is $0.25 mm$

Magnification is $10\times$ and Numerical Aperture is $0.25$

Magnification is $10\times$ and Working distance is $0.25 cm$

Resolution is $10 \mu m$ and Magnification is $0.25\times$

Objective lens

Eyepiece

Condenser

Reticle

To increase the magnification for the user

To allow the user to view the back focal plane of the objective (used for centering phase rings)

To filter out infrared heat from the lamp

To provide a digital output of the image

Lamp -> Field Diaphragm -> Condenser -> Specimen -> Objective

Lamp -> Specimen -> Condenser -> Field Diaphragm -> Objective

Lamp -> Condenser -> Field Diaphragm -> Specimen -> Objective

Lamp -> Objective -> Specimen -> Condenser -> Eyepiece

Water immersion gives higher resolution than oil

To match the refractive index of the aqueous environment of the live embryo, reducing spherical aberration

Water is cheaper than immersion oil

Oil immersion objectives cannot be used for magnification above 40x

Highest power

Lowest power

Oil immersion

No objective

Body tube

Nosepiece

Stage

Condenser

$20\times$

$100\times$

$1\times$

$1000\times$

It has the highest resolution

It makes the specimen look larger immediately

It provides a larger field of view to locate the specimen

It uses the least amount of light

Air

Water

Glass

Plastic

Coarse adjustment

Fine adjustment

Nosepiece

Inclination joint

Working distance

Field of view

Depth of field

Aperture

Fine Adjustment Knob

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Iris Diaphragm

Mirror tilt

Focal length of the objective lens ($f_{obj}$)

Focal length of the eyepiece ($f_{eye}$)

Working distance of the lens

Diameter of the objective lens

To prevent the objective lens from crashing into the glass slide

Because the gears only work in one direction

To ensure the image is not laterally inverted

To prevent the oil from leaking into the condenser

To see more details

To have a larger field of view

To use the fine adjustment knob only

Because it has the best resolution

Larger and darker

Smaller and brighter

Larger and brighter

Smaller and darker

Light source

Condenser

Objective lens

Iris diaphragm

Objective lens

Iris diaphragm

Stage clips

Base

To ensure the specimen remains perfectly centered in the field of view

To allow the iris diaphragm to automatically adjust to the new magnification

To prevent the high-power objective lens, which is physically longer, from hitting and damaging the slide

To confirm that the light source is properly focused on the condenser

Safranin

Methylene Blue

Iodine solution

Acetocarmine

Higher magnification lenses have shorter focal lengths

Higher magnification lenses have longer focal lengths

Focal length has no relation to magnification

Focal length is always half of the magnification

To hold the ocular lenses

To house the rotating objectives and allow for switching magnification

To connect the light source to the condenser

To provide a place for the observer's nose

Viruses are transparent and do not absorb any light

Viruses are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, thus below the limit of resolution

Viruses move too fast to be captured by light

The objective lenses cannot be made powerful enough

Air bubbles trapped under the coverslip

The diffraction pattern of light from a point source passing through a circular aperture

A specific type of cleaning cloth for lenses

The cooling fan in a digital microscope

Fine adjustment knob

Mirror or Diaphragm

Revolving nosepiece

Body tube

Iris

Aperture

Ocular

Focus

Temporary mount

Permanent mount

Water mount

Dry mount

The lens costs 10 dollars

The lens magnifies the object 10 times

The lens is 10 cm wide

The lens weighs 10 grams

A piece of cotton cloth

Filter paper

Special lens paper

Paper towels

To hold the slide

To maintain the correct distance between the eyepiece and the objective

To reflect light into the specimen

To house the light source

Open the diaphragm fully

Close the diaphragm slightly

Increase the magnification

Move the slide faster

It is a stain for cytoplasm.

It is a clearing agent that makes the tissue transparent and removes alcohol.

It is a fixative used to preserve the nucleus.

It is a mounting medium used to stick the coverslip.

The $NA = 0.25$ lens because it has a larger field of view.

The $NA = 1.25$ lens because it has a higher resolving power.

Both will provide the same detail if the eyepiece is the same.

The $NA = 0.25$ lens because it has a higher depth of field.

To change the objective lenses.

To precisely move the slide in X and Y directions.

To adjust the height of the condenser.

To provide the electrical power to the light.

Handkerchief

Special lens paper

Coarse cloth

Soap and water

To the left

To the right

Upward

Downward

Clip

Arm

Nosepiece

Diaphragm

Friction in the adjustment knobs

The mirror

The weight of the slide

The clips

Coarse adjustment

Fine adjustment

Mirror only

Slide position only

Observing cytoplasmic streaming in Hydrilla leaf

Observing fixed and stained cheek cells

Observing dried blood smears

Observing a cork section

To ensure the specimen sticks better

To avoid dust particles being mistaken for cellular structures

To prevent the slide from breaking

To improve the magnification

Concentrated HCl

$70\%$ Ethanol or Water

Glycerin

Methylene Blue

The thickness of the specimen that is in focus; it increases at $40x$.

The distance between the objective and the slide; it increases at $40x$.

The thickness of the specimen that is in focus; it decreases at $40x$.

The amount of light passing through the lens; it decreases at $40x$.

To push the specimen to the center of the slide.

To act as a pivot to lower the coverslip slowly and prevent air bubbles.

To scratch the slide to improve stain adhesion.

To measure the thickness of the glycerin layer.

It has more than one magnifying lens

It uses light as a source of illumination

It can only be used to see living things

It has a condenser and a diaphragm

Dumbbell-shaped

Kidney-shaped

Rectangular

Circular

Stage

Arm

Eyepiece

Mirror

Bacterium

Protozoan parasite

Virus

Fungus

Revolving nosepiece

Coarse adjustment

Stage clips

Diaphragm

Basal surface

Lateral surface

Free (apical) surface

Internal surface

Simple microscope

Dissecting microscope

Electron microscope

Phase-contrast microscope

The specimen is viewed in a completely dark room

Only light diffracted/scattered by the specimen enters the objective, making the specimen appear bright against a black background

The microscope uses infrared light instead of visible light

The specimen is stained with a dark black pigment before viewing

To allow the objective lens to touch the specimen

To ensure that only a single layer of cells is present and that light can easily pass through the specimen

To prevent the specimen from rotting under the cover slip

To increase the surface area for staining

It acts as a primary stain

It acts as a decolorizer, removing the crystal violet-iodine complex from thin-walled bacteria

It acts as a mordant

It acts as a counterstain

$20\ mm$

$2\ mm$

$200\ mm$

$0.2\ mm$

$250x$

$35x$

$15x$

$2.5x$

$30x$

$300x$

$3000x$

$3x$

$160x$

$28x$

$12x$

$1600x$

$0.5 \mu m$

$5 \mu m$

$50 \mu m$

$500 \mu m$

$0.01 \text{ mm}$

$0.1 \text{ mm}$

$1 \mu m$

$10 \mu m$

$10x$

$1,000x$

$10,000x$

$100,000x$

$0.2\ mm$

$0.02\ mm$

$2\ mm$

$20\ mm$

$1.125\ mm$

$18\ mm$

$9\ mm$

$45\ mm$

$0.2\ mm$

$2.0\ mm$

$20\ mm$

$0.02\ mm$

Confocal Microscopy

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Stethoscope Microscopy

Fluorescence Microscopy

Eyepiece and stage

Arm and base

Objective lens and mirror

Body tube only

2D internal image

3D surface image

Colored living image

Shadow image

Arm

Revolving Nosepiece

Stage clips

Coarse adjustment

Robert Hooke

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Brown

Rudolf Virchow

Staining of dead tissues only

Staining of living cells without killing them

Staining of the nucleus only

Staining of the cell wall with heavy metals

Base

Stage

Arm

Body tube

Highly transparent living cells

Specimens with birefringent properties (like crystals or bone)

Specimens that emit their own light

Specimens that are thicker than $1$ cm

A higher $NA$ results in a smaller (better) resolution limit $d$

A lower $NA$ results in a brighter image

$NA$ is independent of the medium used

$NA$ is only important for the ocular lens

To deflect the electron beam in a raster pattern across the specimen

To focus the electrons onto the detector

To heat the specimen to release secondary electrons

To filter out unwanted X-rays

The highest magnification

The lowest magnification

The best resolution

No magnification

Color, Size

Quantitative (multiplier), Qualitative (clarity)

Brightness, Darkness

Fixed, Changing

High magnification

High resolution

Large stage

Heavy base

$100x$

$10x$

$1x$

$40x$

Magnification and focal length

Refractive index of the medium and the half-angle of the cone of light

Wavelength and magnification

Lens diameter and tube length

Size

Detail

Color

Motion

Viruses are transparent

Viruses move too fast

Viruses are smaller than the limit of resolution of light

Viruses do not reflect light

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Revolving nosepiece

Fine adjustment knob

Mirror

Base

Real and inverted

Virtual and upright

Virtual and inverted

Real and upright

Fast then slow

Away from the lens while looking through the eyepiece

Towards the lens while looking through the eyepiece

Randomly

Filter paper

Coverslip

Glycerine

Objective lens

To provide support and stability

To magnify the specimen

To adjust the light

To hold the objectives

Make the light look pretty

Shorten the effective wavelength for better resolution

Protect the user's eyes from UV light

Magnify the image further

By the body tube only

By the base only

One hand on the arm and one hand under the base

By the eyepiece

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

TEM

SEM

Compound Light Microscope

Simple Microscope

To keep the cell moving

To preserve the biological structure and prevent decay

To make the cell larger

To change the cell's DNA

A valuable historical object

A structure not naturally present but caused by preparation techniques

The name of the electron gun

A type of lens

Reading a book

Feeling a surface with your fingers (scanning)

Looking through a window

Shining light through a leaf

$5,000$x

$50,000$x

$20,000$x

$500,000$x

An Everhart-Thornley detector

A glass prism

A mercury thermometer

A Geiger counter

Decreases

Increases

Stays the same

Becomes zero

The amount of kinetic energy lost by electrons as they pass through the sample.

The number of electrons that bounce back to the gun.

The light emitted by the specimen when hit by electrons.

The weight of the specimen before and after imaging.

It only shows the internal faces of membranes and requires complex technique.

It can only be used on metals.

It destroys the DNA of the cell immediately.

It cannot reach magnifications above 100x.

Intermediate and Projector lenses

Condenser lens

Electron gun

Scintillator screen

Longer wavelengths

Shorter wavelengths

No wavelength

The same wavelength as light

To generate electrons

To limit the electron beam and reduce aberrations

To hold the copper grid

To pump out air

Boiling water

Series of ethanol or acetone concentrations

Liquid nitrogen

Sugar solution

Room lighting

Electron beam intensity

Thickness of the specimen

Amount of air in the column

Photoelectric effect

Thermionic emission

Cold field emission

Electromagnetic induction

The image would be much clearer

The electrons would be completely absorbed or scattered, and no image would form

The magnification would increase by 1000 times

The specimen would turn into a gas immediately

TEM requires no specimen preparation

TEM can see internal lattice structures of crystals at atomic resolution

TEM provides a better 3D view of surfaces

TEM uses light instead of electrons

TEM has a much smaller depth of field, so only a tiny slice is in focus.

TEM has a relatively large depth of field due to the very small numerical apertures used.

TEM has no depth of field because it uses electrons.

The depth of field depends on the color of the stain used.

It acts as a nutrient for the cells.

It specifically binds to and stabilizes lipids/membranes and provides electron contrast.

It dissolves the cell wall so electrons can pass through.

It turns the sample into a metal.

Aperture Holder

Goniometer (Stage Control)

High Voltage Tank

Vacuum Manifold

Metals and alloys

Biological tissues

Nanomaterials

All of the above

Magnification

Resolution

Brightness

Contrast

To emit electrons

To convert electrons into light (photons)

To suck air out

To heat the specimen

Hydration

Dehydration

Condensation

Sublimation

Better resolution but more potential for specimen damage

Lower resolution and less specimen damage

The microscope turning off automatically

The specimen turning into a liquid

Atom

Pixel

Lens

Filament

Electron Delivery System

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Extra Digital Scanning

Enhanced Detection Solution

Detail in the brightest and darkest areas (clipping)

The atomic number of the sample

The vacuum pressure reading

The orientation of the sample stage

A secondary electron

A backscattered electron

A characteristic X-ray photon

A positron

The Objective Lens

The Scan Generator/Coils

The Electron Gun

The Vacuum Pump

Because electrons only travel in lines

Because the specimen is very thin and electrons pass through it

Because the screen is flat

Because we use only one eye to see them

A simple microscope uses electrons

A simple microscope has only one lens

A compound microscope uses mirrors only

A simple microscope is much larger

$10x$

$100x$

$1000x$

$500,000x$

To magnify the image

To focus the light or electron beam onto the specimen

To hold the specimen

To move the stage up and down

The light source

The fine adjustment knob

The mechanical stage

The objective lens power

Transmitted electrons

Secondary electrons

Visible light

X-rays

The lens used in a microscope.

A photograph taken through a microscope.

The slide used to hold the specimen.

The tool used to cut specimens.

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Option A

Option B

Option C

Option D

Condenser

Illuminator/Mirror

Objective

Base

The wavelength of electrons

The color of the electrons

The weight of the electrons

The price of the electrons

Upright and real

Inverted and virtual

3D and green

Invisible

It uses light only

It can image surfaces at the atomic level by 'touching' them

It requires the specimen to be glowing

It only works for liquids

Wavelength of light and specimen thickness

Refractive index of the medium and the half-angle of the light cone ($n \sin \theta$)

Magnification of the ocular and the objective lens

The brightness of the bulb and the size of the diaphragm

The image will be too bright

The resolution will be poor because the light is lost to refraction

The lens will touch the slide and break

The specimen will evaporate

It uses a beam of light to see atoms

It uses the quantum tunneling of electrons between a sharp tip and a conductive surface

It can only be used on non-conductive biological specimens

It was invented before the standard light microscope

It has lower magnification

Specimens must usually be dead, fixed, and dehydrated

It can only see objects that are green in color

It does not require electricity to operate

$2000$ nm

$200$ nm

$20$ cm

$2$ meters

The point where light behaves like a particle instead of a wave

The fundamental limit of resolution caused by the wave nature of light

The maximum thickness of a slide before it breaks

The speed limit of the electrons in a vacuum

To the left

To the right

Upward

Downward

Heating specimens

Studying specimens at very low temperatures

Using fire to see cells

Studying cells in the desert

Always carry it with two hands

Clean the lenses with a shirt sleeve

Keep the stage wet at all times

Drag it across the table

2D silhouette

3D surface image

Rainbow spectrum

Heat map

Right

Left

Up

Down

The color of the cable

The pixel resolution and quality of the digital sensor (CMOS/CCD)

The brand of the computer monitor

The speed of the internet connection

It filters out UV light

It shifts the phase of the light to create interference and contrast

It magnifies the image by $1000x$

It cools the specimen

55x

400x

600x

150x

Make the microscope portable

Correct for distortions caused by the specimen's own refractive index variations

Change the magnification automatically

Convert a light microscope into an electron microscope

It is cheaper to maintain

It produces a much brighter and more coherent electron beam

It operates at room temperature without a vacuum

It produces colored images directly

The size of the microscope

Resolution

The number of eyepieces

The weight of the slide

Electrons are cheaper than light

Electrons have much shorter wavelengths than light

Electrons are easier to see with the naked eye

Electrons travel slower than light

The image gets much brighter

The image loses clarity and becomes 'fuzzy'

The specimen gets larger in reality

The microscope becomes lighter in weight

It cannot resolve objects closer than $0.2 \mu m$

It can see individual atoms

It works only in total darkness

It requires a computer to function

Magnification without a specimen on the slide

Increasing the size of the image without increasing the detail (resolution)

Using a microscope in a room with no light

Looking through a microscope with your eyes closed

Electron microscopes are much lighter and shake easily

At extreme magnifications, even tiny vibrations cause massive image blurring

Vibrations turn off the electron beam

Light microscopes are built on shock absorbers

The magnification changes

It introduces spherical aberration, making the image blurry

The specimen will turn into a gas

The slide will not fit on the stage

0.5

1.0 (approached but never exceeded)

1.5

Unlimited

Improve (smaller distance $d$ can be resolved).

Worsen (larger distance $d$ is required).

Remain unchanged.

Become zero.

Low signal-to-noise ratio makes the image look grainy and hides fine details.

High signal-to-noise ratio causes the specimen to appear inverted.

It determines the total magnification of the eyepiece.

It is only relevant when using oil immersion.

It proves that cells are made of air

It allowed scientists to see that all living things are made of cells

It shows how big an elephant is

It allows us to see the solar system

The arm

The base

The stage

The tube

The depth of a bone fracture

Skin lesions and moles

The function of the liver

Hearing levels

It is too expensive

It cannot see viruses due to low resolution

It cannot use glass slides

It is too difficult to turn on

Magnification power

Weight

Ability to gather light and resolve fine detail

Price

Checking the fatigue of engine parts

Inspecting the quality of paint finishes

Analyzing the fuel efficiency of a car while driving

Examining the microscopic structure of tire rubber

It is heated to $100^{\circ}C$

It is flash-frozen in liquid ethane to preserve its natural state

It is dyed with bright colors

It is placed in a vacuum-sealed plastic bag

It has a higher resolution than standard SEM

It allows for the observation of wet or non-conductive samples without a gold coating

It uses visible light instead of electrons

It is much cheaper and fits in a pocket

To save energy

To minimize phototoxicity and allow high-speed 3D imaging of delicate living processes

To make the microscope smaller

To allow the use of cheaper cameras

To clean the microscope lenses automatically

To assist in detecting patterns, such as counting mitotic figures or identifying malignant regions in tissue scans

To power the light bulb in the microscope

To move the slide manually for the doctor