Physics: Thermal Physics

Convection

Conduction

Radiation

Insulation

Temperature

Mass

Pressure

Gravity

$0 K$

$273 K$

$373 K$

$100 K$

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Sublimation

The particles in the hot block begin to vibrate more rapidly as they lose energy to the cold block.

Individual particles from the hot block physically travel into the cold block to distribute thermal energy.

The average kinetic energy of the particles in the hot block decreases as they collide with slower particles.

The particles in the hot block gain potential energy to compensate for the loss of temperature.

Cold flows from the ice to your hand.

Heat flows from your hand to the ice.

Heat flows from the ice to your hand.

There is no heat flow because ice is a solid.

The sum of kinetic and potential energies of all particles in a substance.

Only the kinetic energy of the particles.

The energy that an object has due to its height above the ground.

The heat that is lost to the surroundings.

Dependent on the material of the objects.

Zero.

Maximum.

Equal to the sum of their initial temperatures.

The density increases because the volume decreases while mass stays constant.

The density decreases because the particles slow down.

The density remains the same because the number of particles is constant.

The density increases because the particles gain mass at lower temperatures.

The difference in their total internal energies.

The difference in their masses.

The difference in their temperatures.

The difference in their specific heat capacities.

Kelvin degrees are larger

Kelvin has no negative values

Kelvin is older

Kelvin is easier to spell

$0\,K$

$546\,K$

$-1\,K$

$273\,K$

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Celsius and Kelvin are tied

$273\,K$

$0\,K$

$100\,K$

$373\,K$

35 $^\circ$C

30 $^\circ$C

25 $^\circ$C

40 $^\circ$C

-459.67 $^\circ$F

-273.15 $^\circ$F

0 $^\circ$F

32 $^\circ$F

100

180

212

32

$100\,K$

$212\,K$

$373.15\,K$

$273.15\,K$

$0$ cannot be doubled.

Doubling $0^{\circ}C$ in Kelvin results in $546.3\,K$ ($273.15^{\circ}C$).

The gas would liquefy.

$0^{\circ}C$ is absolute zero.

$1^{\circ}C$

$1\,K$

$1^{\circ}F$

They are all equal

Lower; higher

Higher; lower

Equal; higher

Lower; equal

Shiny silver

Dull black

Shiny white

Dull white

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Sublimation

It becomes less dense and rises

It becomes more dense and sinks

It turns into a solid immediately

It stops moving

Convection

Radiation

Conduction

Evaporation

A type of particle movement in gases

A type of electromagnetic wave

A flow of electrons in a metal

A stream of hot air

The air inside is more dense than the air outside

The air inside is less dense than the air outside

The air inside is at a lower pressure than the air outside

Conduction makes the balloon lighter

When an object is at $0^{\circ}C$.

When the rate of heat gain from the surroundings equals the rate of heat loss to the surroundings.

When the total energy of an object is equal to its mass.

When conduction, convection, and radiation all occur at the same rate.

Dark colors cool faster because they are better emitters of radiation.

Light colors cool faster because they reflect their own internal heat.

Color has no effect on cooling, only on heating under sunlight.

Dark colors cool slower because they trap more heat inside.

Copper is a better radiator, while steel is a better absorber.

Copper conducts heat quickly from the stove to the food, while steel sides lose less heat to the air.

Steel is more conductive than copper, so it keeps the handles cool.

Copper is used for its high density to prevent the pot from tipping.

Static friction

Thermal equilibrium

Phase change

Latent state

$500\,J$

$1000\,J$

$250\,J$

$0\,J$

Melting

Evaporation

Freezing

Condensation

Ammeter

Thermometer

Barometer

Joule-meter

Total Temperature

Time taken for heating

Change in Temperature

Thermal Conductivity

$100 \, J/kg^{\circ}C$

$200 \, J/kg^{\circ}C$

$500 \, J/kg^{\circ}C$

$1000 \, J/kg^{\circ}C$

Particles move faster and push each other apart.

Particles slow down and start to form stronger intermolecular bonds.

Particles lose mass as they condense.

Particles stop moving completely at the boiling point.

Block A's temperature will rise twice as much as Block B's

Block B's temperature will rise twice as much as Block A's

Both temperatures will rise by the same amount

Block B's temperature will rise four times as much as Block A's

33.4 J

3340 J

334,000 J

33,400 J

Gain potential energy

Lose potential energy

Increase their kinetic energy

Maintain the same total energy

Gains energy from the window

Loses energy to the window

Stays at the same energy level

Reacts chemically with the glass

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Liquid rising in a thermometer

Bimetallic strip in a thermostat

A boat floating on water

Riveting metal plates together

It increases

It decreases

It stays the same

It disappears

All the liquid will evaporate and stay as gas.

The rate of evaporation will eventually equal the rate of condensation, reaching equilibrium.

The liquid will keep evaporating until the pressure breaks the container.

Condensation will stop once the air is 50% saturated.

Water, because it has stronger bonds.

Alcohol, because it has weaker intermolecular forces and a lower boiling point.

They will disappear at the same time because the volumes are equal.

Water, because it has a higher density.

Higher temperature means lower average kinetic energy.

Temperature and average kinetic energy are directly proportional.

There is no relationship between them.

Temperature is equal to the total kinetic energy of one molecule.

Arrow A (Moving downward into the liquid)

Arrow B (Moving horizontally within the liquid)

Arrow C (Moving upward away from the surface)

Arrow D (Moving toward the heat source)

Invar is very heavy and provides better momentum.

Invar has an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, keeping the pendulum length constant.

Invar is very cheap and easy to manufacture.

Invar is a magnetic material that helps the clock's timing mechanism.

Its side length.

Its surface area.

Its volume.

Its mass.

The air particles leak out

The friction between the tire and road heats the air inside

The tire gets smaller

The number of air particles decreases

The space decreases

The space increases

The space stays the same

The space disappears

It increases because particles hit harder

It decreases because particles hit less often and with less force

It stays the same

It increases because the volume expands

Liquid particles are much further apart

Liquid particles are closer together

Liquid particles move much faster

Liquid particles fill the entire container

The Theory of Relativity

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

The Law of Conservation of Mass

The Atomic Theory of Matter

Is halved

Stays the same

Doubles

Quadruples

The speed decreases

The speed stays the same because temperature is constant during the state change

The speed increases significantly

The particles stop moving

$P$

$2P$

$0.5P$

$0.25P$

The pressure increases because they clump together.

The pressure decreases because the particles strike the walls with less force.

The pressure stays the same because mass is conserved.

The pressure becomes infinite.

1:1

9:1

1:9

3:1

$K = C - 273$

$K = C + 273$

$K = C \times 273$

$K = C / 273$

Boyle's Law

Charles's Law

The Law of Gravity

Magnetic Force

Mass divided by Volume

Force divided by Area

Force multiplied by Area

Energy divided by Time

$8 L$

$2 L$

$4 L$

$1 L$

$273\text{ K}$

$-273\text{ K}$

$0\text{ K}$

$100\text{ K}$

$4\text{ atm}$

$0.25\text{ atm}$

$36\text{ atm}$

$3\text{ atm}$

$250$

$1000$

$500$

$125$

$54^{\circ}\text{C}$

$327^{\circ}\text{C}$

$600^{\circ}\text{C}$

$300^{\circ}\text{C}$

Gas particles are in constant, random motion.

Collisions between gas particles are perfectly elastic.

There are strong attractive forces between gas particles.

The volume of the particles is negligible compared to the container volume.

$50^{\circ}\text{C}$

$-86.5^{\circ}\text{C}$

$186.5^{\circ}\text{C}$

$200^{\circ}\text{C}$

Fiberglass

Foam

Copper

Wood

The weight of the water

The pressure of the expanding steam

Magnets inside the boiler

The cooling of the air

Get hotter

Lose thermal energy to the ice cream

Stay the same temperature

Gain thermal energy from the ice cream

To look bigger to predators

To trap a thicker layer of air for better insulation

To allow more heat to escape

To attract more sunlight

The pipes might crack or leak if they don't have expansion joints

The coolant will turn into a solid

The pipes will shrink and become more efficient

The temperature will drop to absolute zero

To increase surface area for better heat radiation and convection

To make the refrigerator more aerodynamic

To protect the delicate pipes from being bumped

To absorb heat from the kitchen air

Efficiency would increase

Efficiency would decrease

Efficiency would stay the same

The engine would stop working

The condenser coils are releasing the heat removed from the inside plus the work done by the motor.

The insulation is failing and heat is leaking out from the freezer compartment.

The refrigerator uses a small heater to prevent the exterior from frosting over.

The electric motor is $100\%$ efficient and all energy becomes light.

40%

60%

100%

16.6%

By trapping small pockets of air to prevent large-scale convection and reduce conduction.

By reflecting sunlight away from the roof during the night.

By increasing the pressure in the attic to stop air from escaping.

By absorbing moisture so that latent heat is not lost through the roof.