Biology: Human Physiology, Health, and Response

Kilograms

Celsius

Calories

Newtons

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Minerals

They are growing more rapidly

They sleep more

They eat more vegetables

They have fewer teeth

Meat

Bread

Citrus fruits

Dairy

The milk contains starch and lipids.

The milk contains both protein and lipids.

The milk contains reducing sugars and protein.

The milk contains only protein.

Simple sugars like glucose

Complex carbohydrates like pasta

Proteins like egg whites

Vitamins like Vitamin C

Curved spine

Night blindness

Fatigue and shortness of breath

Bleeding gums

Increasing the proportion of adipose tissue in the body.

Increasing the proportion of lean muscle mass in the body.

Decreasing the daily intake of water.

Sleeping for longer periods each night.

A large protein like keratin.

A complex carbohydrate like cellulose.

A lipid like vegetable oil.

A reducing sugar like fructose.

It increases the glycemic index by speeding up digestion.

It has no effect on the glycemic index.

It lowers the glycemic index by slowing down the absorption of glucose in the small intestine.

It eliminates the glycemic index because fiber cannot be digested.

Active transport

Diffusion

Osmosis

Peristalsis

Stomach

Trachea

Esophagus

Liver

Carbohydrates

Vitamins

Proteins

Minerals

Sugar

Fiber

Protein

Fat

The starch has been digested by the water

Starch molecules are too large to pass through the pores of the tubing

The tubing is only permeable to water, not solutes

Starch has moved into the water but cannot be detected

It provides a lot of energy for the body

It helps move food through the intestines and prevents constipation

It is easily broken down into glucose

It neutralizes stomach acid

They produce digestive enzymes

They contract to mix food with enzymes and push it along

They protect the intestine from acid

They increase the surface area for absorption

Fatty acids

Monosaccharides

Amino acids

Glycerol

Both contract to increase pressure

The external intercostals relax and the diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

The external intercostals contract and the diaphragm relaxes

Both relax to increase the volume of the chest

Multiple layers of thick cells to prevent nutrient loss

Villi and microvilli to increase surface area

Low blood supply to allow nutrients to linger in the cells

A very dry surface to encourage osmosis

To break down food

To circulate blood

To remove nitrogenous waste and regulate water balance

To take in oxygen for the body

It protects the body from germs

It loses water and salts through sweat

It senses touch

It makes vitamin D

Oxygen

Fiber

Water produced during respiration

Vitamin C

Homeostasis

Hibernation

Evolution

Metamorphosis

By drinking more water when thirsty.

By adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed in the nephrons.

By producing more red blood cells.

By increasing the rate of digestion.

Out of the body cells and into the blood.

Out of the blood and into the body cells.

Water will stop moving entirely.

Into the stomach for storage.

Skin - Carbon Dioxide

Kidney - Urea

Lungs - Salts

Liver - Oxygen

The Collecting Duct

The Loop of Henle

The Glomerular Basement Membrane

The Distal Convoluted Tubule

Bile pigments from the breakdown of red blood cells.

Carbon dioxide from respiration.

Cellulose from undigested plant matter.

Excess salts from the diet.

To prevent the buildup of glucose in the blood.

To remove the nitrogen-containing amino group from excess amino acids, which would otherwise form toxic ammonia.

To allow the body to store excess protein as muscle tissue directly.

To ensure that the blood remains slightly acidic for enzyme function.

Because it makes the body change constantly

Because it helps maintain a stable, balanced state

Because it is faster than positive feedback

Because it does not require energy

They will decrease

They will increase

They will stay exactly the same

The body will stop making insulin

It makes breathing slower

It stops breathing for a few seconds

It dilates air passages to allow more oxygen in

It fills the lungs with fluid

They have eyes and can see the cells

They only enter the cells they like

They fit into specific receptors on the target cells

They affect every single cell in the body equally

The pituitary gland increases the production of TSH to further stimulate the thyroid.

The thyroid gland produces more thyroxine to speed up the body's metabolism.

The pituitary gland reduces the production of TSH, which in turn reduces thyroxine release.

The thyroid gland begins to release TSH to counteract the high levels of thyroxine.

To prevent the stomach from producing too much acid

To provide more oxygen and glucose to the muscles

Because the brain doesn't need nutrients during stress

To lower the overall blood pressure in the body

The rate of sweating increases

The rate of sweating decreases

The rate of sweating stays the same

Sweating stops immediately and shivering starts

The body would be much more efficient at maintaining a set-point.

The body would lose the ability to maintain stability, and internal variables would spiral to extreme, lethal levels.

The body would require much less energy to function.

The body would become immune to all diseases.

Negative Feedback Loop

Positive Feedback Loop

Neutral Feedback Loop

Inhibitory Feedback Loop

Adrenal Gland; Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Gland; Adrenal Medulla

Pituitary Gland; Posterior Lobe

Thyroid Gland; Follicular Cells

Biceps and Triceps

Brain and Spinal Cord

Eyes, Ears, and Nose

Axons and Dendrites

By active transport

By diffusion

By being pumped by the heart

By gravity

They allow impulses to travel in both directions

They ensure impulses travel in only one direction

They are only found in the brain

They are made of bone

A bright light

A loud bang

Pulling your hand away from a hot stove

The smell of baking bread

They travel at the speed of light

They are identical electrical events regardless of the stimulus

They only occur in the brain

They move through the blood

In the dendrites

In the axon terminals

In the myelin sheath

In the cell nucleus

Translation

Transduction

Transpiration

Translocation

The brain must approve the movement after it has happened.

Branching of the sensory neuron allows the signal to travel to both the relay neuron and the brain.

The motor neuron sends a secondary signal back to the brain.

The effector produces a hormone that travels through the blood to the brain.

To provide energy for the synthesis and transport of neurotransmitter vesicles.

To produce the myelin sheath for the axon terminal.

To store the genetic information of the neuron.

To act as receptors for the neurotransmitters.

The state where there is no difference in charge across the membrane.

The state where the inside of the neuron is at +40mV.

The stable negative charge (-70mV) of an inactive neuron.

The charge during the movement of an impulse.

To look pretty

To help them survive and reproduce in their environment

To make more oxygen for humans

To change the color of the soil

Heart

Lungs

Brain (Hypothalamus)

Liver

Thermoregulation

Osmoregulation

Phototropism

Geotropism

Heart beating

Deciding to kick a ball

Pupil dilating

Food moving through the gut

It amplifies a change to make it happen faster

It reverses a change to bring the system back to a set point

It prevents the body from ever changing its internal state

It only works when the body is in a state of disease

The optic nerve

The retina

The muscles in the arms and neck

The visual cortex in the brain

Less blood flows near the surface, conserving heat

More blood flows near the surface, allowing more heat to be radiated away

The skin becomes blue and cold

Sweat glands stop functioning

To produce antibodies that circulate in the blood.

To identify and kill infected body cells or to coordinate the overall immune response.

To carry oxygen to the site of the infection to help cells respire.

To form a physical clot to prevent the pathogen from spreading.

It directly digests the viral DNA.

It is produced by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells and trigger them to produce anti-viral proteins.

It coats the outside of the virus to make it too heavy to float in the blood.

It stimulates the production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen to the site of infection.

Insulin

Thyroxine

Adrenaline

Testosterone

Through contaminated water

Through the bite of an infected animal or insect

By touching an infected person

By eating raw meat

Antibodies for the measles virus

The skin

Memory B-cells

A specific vaccine

The cold is caused by a virus

The cold is caused by a fungus

Antibiotics are too weak

Colds are not real diseases

They are currently sick with the disease

Their body can recognize and destroy the pathogen before they get sick

They have never heard of the disease

They take antibiotics every day

Eye color

Height

Level of physical activity and nutrition

Blood type

To help blood clot

To break down the cell walls of certain bacteria

To cool the body down through evaporation

To signal the brain to feel pain

Platelets

Mucus

Red blood cells

Insulin

The virus remains dormant in the host cell for many years.

The virus uses the host's machinery to replicate and then causes the host cell to burst, releasing new viruses.

The virus turns into a bacterium to escape the immune system.

The host cell uses the virus to produce extra energy.

Malaria is caused by a complex protist with multiple life stages and varying surface antigens.

Smallpox was not a real disease and was easier to cure.

Protists do not have DNA, so vaccines cannot target them.

Malaria is only found in water and cannot enter the human body.

The period where bacteria are dying faster than they are reproducing.

The period of intense metabolic activity but no increase in cell number as bacteria adapt to the new environment.

The period where the number of bacteria is doubling every 20 minutes.

The period when the immune system has successfully killed all bacteria.

Fried fast food

Avocados and nuts

Cakes and cookies

Lard and butter

It lasts for a short time and then disappears

It is a condition that lasts for a long time and usually progresses slowly

It is a disease that can only be caught once

It is a disease that only affects infants

It is only important for extroverts

It can reduce feelings of loneliness and improve emotional well-being

It decreases the body's need for oxygen

It helps people avoid physical exercise

To digest food

To provide support, protection, and a framework for the body

To pump blood to the brain

To sense light and sound

Weight-bearing exercise causes the body to use up stored calcium for muscle energy, which temporarily weakens the bone structure.

Dietary calcium provides the necessary mineral building blocks, while weight-bearing exercise stimulates bone cells to increase the density of the bone matrix.

Physical activity is only beneficial for the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and has no physiological impact on the skeletal system.

Bone density is determined solely by the amount of glucose consumed, as sugar provides the primary energy for bone mineralization.

It lasts for a very short time and is easily cured by a single pill.

It is always contagious and spreads quickly through the air.

It is a long-lasting condition that can often be controlled but not always cured.

It only affects people over the age of 90.

By charging every person in the world a health tax.

By providing leadership on global health matters and monitoring health trends.

By building a hospital in every single city on Earth.

By deciding which people are allowed to become doctors.

The heart's ability to pump blood to the legs

Consistent breathing during sleep, leading to periods of low blood oxygen levels

The liver's ability to detoxify alcohol during the night

The production of earwax during the REM cycle

The total weight of all medicines produced in a year

The impact of health problems as measured by financial cost, mortality, and morbidity (disability)

The number of hospitals built in developing nations

The amount of money spent on health insurance globally

The ability to never experience stress or sadness

The process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant stress

A genetic condition where the brain does not have an amygdala

The use of medication to suppress all emotional responses