Biology: Ecology and Sustainability

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Cooperation

It stays there forever

It is broken down by decomposers and recycled

It disappears into space

It turns into plastic

Species diversity

Genetic diversity

Ecosystem diversity

Population density

Taking very long showers

Fixing leaky faucets

Watering the garden during the hottest part of the day

Leaving the tap running while brushing teeth

The production of oxygen by trees.

The natural purification of water by wetlands.

The pollination of crops by wild insects.

All of the above.

Richness is the number of different species; evenness is the relative abundance of each species.

Richness is the total number of individuals; evenness is the number of different species.

They are the same thing.

Evenness refers to the genetic diversity within a single species.

A wolf eating a deer.

An eagle eating a fish.

A cow eating grass.

A mushroom growing on a log.

The producers are very large and live for a long time.

The producers (phytoplankton) have a very high rate of reproduction and turnover.

The consumers do not actually eat the producers.

The consumers are able to create their own energy through chemosynthesis.

Light

Chemical energy in waste

Heat from metabolic respiration

Potential energy in biomass

They cover most of the Earth's land surface.

They are areas with high species richness and many endemic species that are under threat.

They are areas where biodiversity is naturally very low, such as deserts.

They are regions where the climate is always hot and humid.

A species that is very common

A species at risk of becoming extinct

A species that has already died out

A species that lives in a zoo

Abundant sunlight

Unlimited food

Shortage of water

No predators

Decrease

Increase

Stay the same

Become extinct

Ecosystems are more stable

Food webs become simpler

Extinction happens faster

Competition is eliminated

Selective logging where only mature trees are removed.

Clear-cutting large areas of forest for agriculture.

Replanting native tree species.

Designating the forest as a protected national park.

A successful biological control that helped the ecosystem.

An invasive species causing unintended ecological damage.

A keystone species being restored to its natural habitat.

A producer that increased the biomass of the ecosystem.

Two male elk fighting over a mate.

A fungus growing on a decaying log.

Lions and hyenas fighting over the same zebra carcass.

A bee collecting pollen from a flower.

Extinction of the apex predator.

Widespread death of primary producers due to a prolonged drought.

An increase in the number of secondary consumers.

The migration of a new scavenger species into the area.

The speed at which an animal can run.

The position an organism occupies in a food chain.

The amount of water an organism drinks daily.

The number of offspring an organism produces.

Catching as many fish as possible every day until the population is gone.

Maintaining the fish population at a level where the 'Maximum Sustainable Yield' can be harvested without depleting the base population.

Introducing a new predator to the fishery to increase the size of the fish.

Removing all primary producers to make the water clearer for fishing.

Because the Earth constantly gets new nutrients from space

Because there is a limited supply of nutrients on Earth

Because nutrients are energy

Because plants create nutrients from nothing

Nitrogen fixation

Denitrificaton

Nitrification

Assimilation

Producer

Scavenger

Primary consumer

Plant

The atmosphere

Fossil fuels

The ocean

All of the above

Arrow A

Arrow B

Arrow C

Arrow D

They provide new sources of carbon for bacteria

They do not biodegrade easily, trapping nutrients and polluting habitats

They speed up the nitrogen cycle by adding synthetic chemicals

They increase the rate of evaporation in the water cycle

Animals breathing it in

Diffusion through animal skin

Photosynthesis by producers

Burning of wood

Warmer temperatures melting permafrost, which releases trapped methane, causing further warming.

More $CO_2$ causing more plant growth, which removes $CO_2$ and slows warming.

Increased cloud cover reflecting more sunlight and cooling the Earth.

Ocean water absorbing more $CO_2$ as it gets warmer.

Species B, because it is more efficient at hunting that specific prey.

Species A, because it can switch to alternative energy sources (prey).

Both have equal chances because they are at the same trophic level.

Neither can survive because the energy flow is permanently broken.

It is part of the short-term cycle because shells dissolve as soon as the animal dies.

It moves carbon from the short-term biological cycle to the long-term geological cycle as limestone.

It has no effect on the carbon cycle; it only affects the calcium cycle.

It increases the amount of $CO_2$ available for phytoplankton in the short term.

Burning all trash in the backyard

Throwing electronics into the ocean

Practicing the three R's: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

Buying as many plastic toys as possible

In the ballast water of large ships

On the bottom of hiking boots

As 'hitchhikers' on imported fruit

All of the above

Walking to a neighbor's house

Eating locally grown vegetables

Driving a large gasoline-powered car frequently

Using a reusable water bottle

It is very common and found everywhere

It is at a high risk of becoming extinct in the wild

It has been moved to a new ecosystem

It only eats plants

Brown trout

Stonefly nymph

Tubifex worm

Caddisfly larva

Lowering of the global sea level.

Loss of habitat for specialized species like polar bears and seals.

Decreased salinity of ocean water, which can disrupt ocean currents.

Both the loss of habitat and the disruption of ocean currents.

It regulates international trade in endangered species to ensure it doesn't threaten their survival.

It provides funding for the creation of new national parks.

It mandates the use of electric vehicles to reduce pollution.

It bans the use of all pesticides worldwide.

Plot B

Plot A

Both are equally likely

Neither, as the index only measures temperature

The bird

The grass

The grasshopper

All will have equal concentrations

High rates of decomposition and rapid nutrient uptake by plants mean nutrients don't stay in the soil.

The trees in the rainforest produce chemicals that destroy all soil nutrients.

There are no decomposers like fungi or bacteria in tropical environments.

The heavy rain turns all the soil into solid rock over time.

To encourage people to waste energy

To regulate human activities to protect the environment

To make sure every house has a lawn

To increase the price of renewable energy

Building a new city on top of a forest

The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded or destroyed

The study of ancient fossils

The natural movement of tectonic plates

Leave lights on when not in use

Reduce, reuse, and recycle materials

Drive a car for very short distances

Increase their use of plastic

The use of a microscope to see cells

The increasing concentration of a substance (like a toxin) in the tissues of organisms at higher levels in a food chain

The growth of plants in a greenhouse

The way animals get larger as they grow older

Encouraging the drainage of remaining wetlands to create more fertile soil for crop production.

Providing financial incentives for landowners to rewet and restore degraded peatlands.

Promoting the mining of dried peat to be used as a sustainable and renewable fuel source.

Replacing natural peatland vegetation with non-native trees to increase immediate forest cover.

Acting only after there is $100$% scientific proof of harm

Taking protective action even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established

Prioritizing economic growth over environmental concerns in all cases

Waiting for a species to become extinct before starting a conservation program

Restoring a degraded wetland to its natural state

Vaccinating a specific group of endangered mountain gorillas

Sequencing the DNA of a rare orchid

Passing a law to stop the hunting of a specific whale species

To sell rare seeds to the highest bidder for profit.

To preserve the genetic diversity of plant species in case of extinction in the wild.

To grow food for people living in the immediate area around the bank.

To study how seeds change when they are kept in the dark for 100 years.

Nitrogen gas ($N_{2}$) is a powerful greenhouse gas that traps heat.

Excessive fertilizer use can lead to the release of Nitrous Oxide ($N_{2}O$), which is a potent greenhouse gas.

Plants release carbon dioxide when they take up nitrogen from the soil.

Nitrogen prevents clouds from forming, allowing more heat to reach the Earth.

A small island far from the mainland.

A large island far from the mainland.

A small island close to the mainland.

A large island close to the mainland.