Chemistry - Properties of Materials

The Particle Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of tiny particles. The arrangement and energy of these particles define the state: Solid, Liquid, or Gas.

Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance's identity, such as density, $melting\ point$, $boiling\ point$, and electrical conductivity.

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is a constant for a pure substance at a given temperature and is expressed as $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$.

Metals are typically shiny ($lustrous$), $malleable$ (can be hammered into sheets), $ductile$ (can be drawn into wires), and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.

Non-metals are generally $brittle$ when solid, have lower $melting\ points$ compared to metals, and act as electrical and thermal insulators.

Chemical properties describe how a substance reacts with others. For example, the reaction of Magnesium with Oxygen: $2Mg + O_2 \rightarrow 2MgO$.

Solubility refers to the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent. Factors affecting solubility include temperature and the nature of the $solute$ and $solvent$.