Cells and Life Processes

Schleiden

Schwann

Virchow

Hooke

The names of famous scientists

The parts of a microscope

The seven life processes of living things

The steps of the cell theory

Organ -> Tissue -> Cell

Cell -> Tissue -> Organ

Tissue -> Organ -> Cell

Organ -> Cell -> Tissue

If it is shiny

If it is made of cells

If it can dissolve in water

If it is hard like a rock

A

B

C

D

$0.01 mm$

$10 mm$

$160 mm$

$0.1 mm$

Homeostasis

Cytokinesis

Photosynthesis

Excretion

They are smaller, so they don't need to compensate.

They are larger, and they compensate by using internal membranes and organelles to compartmentalize functions.

They are larger, and they compensate by having a cell wall that speeds up diffusion.

They are smaller, and they compensate by having more DNA.

Metabolism

Growth

Reproduction

Excretion

It has a large nucleus to store more genetic information.

It lacks a nucleus and has a biconcave shape to maximize surface area for oxygen transport.

It has many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming through veins.

It has a thick cell wall to withstand high blood pressure.

One

Two

Four

Eight

It will blur the image

The lens is very long and might crush the slide

The light will become too dim

The nosepiece will stop rotating

$15\times$

$50\times$

$500\times$

$2\times$

Holding the objective lenses

Supporting the body tube and providing a handle for carrying

Controlling the amount of light

Placing the slide

$1\text{ mm}$

$2\text{ mm}$

$0.5\text{ mm}$

$10\text{ mm}$

High power $\rightarrow$ Fine focus $\rightarrow$ Low power $\rightarrow$ Coarse focus

Low power $\rightarrow$ Coarse focus $\rightarrow$ Fine focus $\rightarrow$ High power

Medium power $\rightarrow$ Fine focus $\rightarrow$ High power $\rightarrow$ Coarse focus

Coarse focus $\rightarrow$ High power $\rightarrow$ Fine focus $\rightarrow$ Low power

The clarity of the image.

The increase in the apparent size of an object.

The distance between the lens and the object.

The color intensity of the specimen.

$16$

$40$

$250$

$10$

$800\times$; inverted and enlarged.

$60\times$; upright and enlarged.

$800\times$; upright and enlarged.

$60\times$; inverted and enlarged.

$3,000\times$

$300\times$

$30,000\times$

$30\times$

Cell membrane

A nucleus

DNA

Cytoplasm

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organism

Large central vacuole

Nucleus

Ribosome

Golgi apparatus

To store water

To provide a medium for chemical reactions

To protect the cell from bacteria

To make food using sunlight

It increases, making the cell more efficient

It decreases, making it harder for the cell to exchange materials

It stays the same regardless of cell size

It fluctuates based on the number of mitochondria

Vacuole - Protein synthesis

Chloroplast - Cellular respiration

Nucleus - Genetic control center

Cell wall - Selective permeability

A muscle cell

A root hair cell

A leaf palisade cell

A red blood cell

Lipids in the smooth ER

Ribosomes and Rough ER

Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts

Water in the vacuole

Mitochondria

Large Central Vacuole

Golgi Apparatus

Ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Ribosome

Chloroplast

Cytoskeleton

Cell wall

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Organ $\rightarrow$ Tissue $\rightarrow$ Cell

Cell $\rightarrow$ Tissue $\rightarrow$ Organ

Tissue $\rightarrow$ Cell $\rightarrow$ Organ

Organ $\rightarrow$ Cell $\rightarrow$ Tissue

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Ribosomes

Vacuoles

It gets larger

It gets smaller

It stays the same

It becomes brighter

It allows the organism to grow much larger without needing food.

It allows different cells to perform specific tasks more efficiently.

It ensures that every cell can perform every function of the body.

It prevents the cells from ever dying.

A group of cells working together.

A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

A type of tissue found in plants.

The liquid that fills the inside of a cell.

Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Lysosomes

Free ribosomes produce proteins for use inside the cytosol; bound ribosomes produce proteins for insertion into membranes or secretion.

Free ribosomes are found in prokaryotes; bound ribosomes are found in eukaryotes.

Free ribosomes are larger than bound ribosomes.

Bound ribosomes synthesize DNA, while free ribosomes synthesize RNA.

In the thylakoid space.

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

Inside the central vacuole.

On the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Vacuole

Lysosome

Ribosome

Golgi apparatus

To carry DNA

To provide energy

To propel the cell towards the egg

To protect the head

Skeletal muscle cell

Smooth muscle cell

Cardiac muscle cell

Nerve cell

Guard cell

Palisade cell

Root hair cell

Epidermal cell

Red blood cell

White blood cell

Platelets

Nerve cell

It becomes turgid and the stoma opens

It becomes flaccid and the stoma closes

It divides to create more stomata

It turns into a palisade cell

It stores the glucose produced by the roots

It speeds up the movement of water by osmosis

It keeps the cell from being crushed by the soil

It contains enzymes to digest soil particles

Red, Green, and Blue

Yellow, Orange, and Purple

Black and White

Infrared and Ultraviolet

To produce the mucus that lines the lungs.

To engulf and digest inhaled particles and pathogens that reach the alveoli.

To exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.

To provide structural support to the thin alveolar walls.

It has a much thicker cell wall to protect the DNA.

It is usually smaller, has a thin cell wall, and lacks a large central vacuole.

It has more chloroplasts to provide energy for division.

It lacks a nucleus because it is constantly dividing.

A mature red blood cell in the circulatory system.

A developing red blood cell in the bone marrow.

A white blood cell in a lymph node.

A muscle cell in the heart.

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell

Cell, Organ, Tissue, Organ System, Organism

Tissue, Cell, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Organ

Organ system

Tissue

Organism

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Organism

Tissue

Organelle

Atom

Molecule

Cell

Tissue

Organ System

Population

Tissue

Organ

Chloroplast

Cell

Organism

Organ

Tissue

Cell

It shows that all life started as organ systems and became cells.

It demonstrates how simple units can be integrated into increasingly complex structures with specialized functions.

It proves that unicellular organisms are more advanced than humans.

It shows that the number of cells in an organism never changes.

Organs like the liver and kidneys would lose their shape and structural support.

The brain would stop sending electrical impulses.

The skin would stop being able to sense heat.

The stomach would stop producing digestive enzymes.

Diffusion is too slow to move materials over the large distances found in multicellular bodies.

Diffusion only works in plants, not animals.

Cells in multicellular organisms do not have membranes.

Organ systems are needed to create the atoms that cells use.