Elements, Compounds and Mixtures - Methods of Separation (Filtration, Evaporation, Distillation, etc.)

Elements: Pure substances made of only one kind of atom (e.g., $O_2$, $Fe$). They cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Compounds: Substances formed when two or more elements combine chemically in a fixed ratio (e.g., $H_2O$, $NaCl$).

Mixtures: Substances made by physically mixing two or more substances where no chemical reaction occurs. Components retain their properties.

Filtration: A method to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid (e.g., chalk powder from $H_2O$) using a filter paper that allows the liquid to pass through as 'filtrate' but retains the solid as 'residue'.

Evaporation: Used to recover a soluble solid from a liquid (e.g., salt from a salt solution) by heating the mixture until the liquid turns into vapor.

Distillation: A process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapor by heating and subsequent condensation of the vapor back into liquid. It is used to get pure $H_2O$ from a salt solution.

Sublimation: A technique used to separate a solid that sublimes (converts directly from solid to gas) from a non-sublimable solid. Common examples include $NH_4Cl$, Camphor, and $I_2$.

Magnetic Separation: Used to separate magnetic substances like $Fe$ (iron) or $Ni$ (nickel) from non-magnetic substances using a magnet.

Separating Funnel: Used for separating two immiscible liquids (liquids that do not mix, like oil and $H_2O$) based on their different densities.