Thermal Physics

The slowest ones

The ones with the highest kinetic energy

The ones at the bottom of the container

The largest ones

They move at the speed of light

They have minimum internal energy

They expand to fill the room

They vibrate very fast

Gases have no mass

Solid particles are already very close together

Gas particles are larger than solid particles

Solid particles move too fast to be compressed

Potential energy

Chemical energy

Kinetic energy

Nuclear energy

The molecules are attracted to the walls.

The molecules collide with each other.

The molecules collide with the walls, exerting a force over an area.

The molecules expand to fill the container.

The total potential energy of the molecules.

The average kinetic energy of the molecules.

The total number of molecules.

The average distance between the molecules.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

$\sqrt{3}$

3

9

It remains the same.

The fact that only one-third of the particles hit a wall at any time.

The average value of the velocity components in three dimensions ($x$, $y$, $z$).

The loss of energy during non-elastic collisions with the walls.

The ratio of kinetic energy to potential energy in an ideal gas.

The average force of each collision increases.

The particles move faster because there are more of them.

The frequency of collisions with the walls increases.

The potential energy between the particles increases the pressure.

$T_C = T_K + 273$

$T_C = T_K - 273$

$T_C = T_K \times 273$

$T_C = T_K / 273$

The density increases

The density decreases

The density stays the same

The density becomes infinite

A tube filled with colored alcohol

Two different metals joined at two junctions

A metal strip that bends when heated

A digital display connected to a battery

No heat is being added

The heat is used to overcome intermolecular forces

The heat is used to increase the kinetic energy of molecules

The substance is perfectly insulated

1 : 3

3 : 1

1 : 1

1 : 9

Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

The temperature of the substance increases.

The potential energy of the molecules decreases.

The kinetic energy of the molecules increases.

$V$ is inversely proportional to $T$.

$V$ is directly proportional to $T$.

$V$ is proportional to $T^2$.

There is no relationship.

$1.12 \times 10^6\text{ Pa}$

$7.48 \times 10^5\text{ Pa}$

$3.74 \times 10^5\text{ Pa}$

$1.49 \times 10^6\text{ Pa}$

They must have the same total internal energy.

They must have the same thermal capacity.

They must have the same temperature.

They must be made of the same material.

$400\text{ J/}(kg\cdot\text{K})$

$500\text{ J/}(kg\cdot\text{K})$

$320\text{ J/}(kg\cdot\text{K})$

$625\text{ J/}(kg\cdot\text{K})$

Aluminum foil

Copper mesh

Polystyrene foam

Steel wool

The rate increases

The rate decreases

The rate stays the same

The rate becomes zero

A dull black container

A shiny silver container

A dark blue container

A transparent glass container

Particles are free to move throughout the liquid

Particles vibrate and collide with their neighbors

Electrons are free to move through the liquid

The liquid emits infrared waves

To increase the surface area for convection

To provide a backup in case the inner pipe leaks

To create an insulating gap that reduces unwanted heat loss or gain

To increase the pressure of the fluid inside

Fast-moving molecules collide with slow-moving molecules, passing on energy

Electrons move through the liquid carrying energy

Regions of hotter, less dense liquid rise while cooler, more dense liquid sinks

Photons of infrared radiation are absorbed by the liquid molecules

Plastic and wood have high specific heat capacities

Plastic and wood are poor thermal conductors

Plastic and wood are good emitters of radiation

Plastic and wood are denser than the metal

Reflectivity

Transmissivity

Absorptivity

Specific heat

To increase the thermal conductivity of the material.

To increase the surface area for convection and radiation.

To reduce the weight of the device.

To ensure the heat flows in only one direction.

$500 W/m^2$

$250 W/m^2$

$5000 W/m^2$

$2500 W/m^2$