The Particulate Nature of Matter

What is the name of the process when a gas changes directly into a solid?

Which of the following characterizes an 'ideal' gas compared to a 'real' gas?

A $100\text{ g}$ block of metal at $80^\circ\text{C}$ is placed in $100\text{ g}$ of water at $20^\circ\text{C}$. Which statement about the final equilibrium temperature $T_f$ is true (assuming no heat loss)?

What happens to the pressure of a gas in a sealed container if the molecules start moving faster?

Which of the following is the best description of the process of thermal conduction in a metal?

When a gas expands isothermally, which of the following remains constant?

A $1.5\ kg$ mass of a substance requires $4500\ J$ to raise its temperature by $10\ K$. What is its specific heat capacity?

The average power received from the Sun per unit area of the Earth's orbit is $S$. If the Earth's radius is $R$, what is the total power incident on the Earth?

The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is $L_f$. If a mass $m$ of the substance at its melting point is converted from solid to liquid, the change in entropy is:

A cylinder contains $0.10\ mol$ of an ideal gas at $300\ K$. The gas is compressed such that its volume decreases by $20\%$ at constant temperature. What is the work done on the gas?

The 'enhanced greenhouse effect' is primarily caused by:

Why are diatomic molecules like $O_2$ and $N_2$ not greenhouse gases?

In a simple climate model, the energy absorbed by the Earth's surface is $\frac{S}{4}(1-\alpha)$. What does $S$ represent?

What is the primary effect of aerosols (like volcanic ash) on Earth's albedo?

A planet with no atmosphere has an albedo of $0.10$. If the solar constant at its distance is $1000 \text{ W m}^{-2}$, what is its equilibrium temperature? (Use $\sigma = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \text{ W m}^{-2} \text{ K}^{-4}$)

Why is the natural greenhouse effect vital for life on Earth?

Which of the following transitions corresponds to the 'bending' mode of $CO_2$ that occurs at a wavelength of approximately $15 \text{ \mu m}$?

The diagram shows the interaction of different wavelengths with the atmosphere. Which label most likely represents the absorption of radiation by the Ozone layer in the stratosphere?

A planet is in thermal equilibrium. If the star it orbits suddenly doubles its luminosity but the planet's distance from the star also doubles, what happens to the equilibrium temperature of the planet?

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the energy of a photon and the vibrational levels of a greenhouse gas molecule?

What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP ($273\text{ K}$ and $1.01 \times 10^5 \text{ Pa}$)?

The total random kinetic energy of the molecules in a sample of an ideal gas is defined as its:

A real gas is most likely to deviate from ideal behavior under which conditions?

Which of the following is equivalent to $1\text{ Pascal}$?

For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, a graph of pressure $P$ against temperature $T$ in degrees Celsius is:

The expression for the pressure of an ideal gas is $P = \frac{1}{3} \frac{Nm}{V} \overline{c^2}$. What does $Nm$ represent?

Which of the following describes the behavior of a gas as it is cooled toward absolute zero according to the ideal gas law?

Which of the following properties of an ideal gas is not directly proportional to the absolute temperature $T$?

Two ideal gases are at the same temperature and pressure. Volume $V_1$ of gas 1 contains $N_1$ molecules and volume $V_2$ of gas 2 contains $N_2$ molecules. If $V_1 = 3V_2$, what is the ratio $N_1/N_2$?

The pressure of an ideal gas is $P = \frac{1}{3} \frac{Nm\langle c^2 \rangle}{V}$. If the container is a sphere of radius $R$, how does the pressure scale with $R$ if the temperature and number of molecules are constant?

Specific heat capacity calculations assume that:

Which of the following describes an 'intensive' property (one that does not depend on the amount of matter)?

What happens to the temperature of a substance with an infinite specific heat capacity when heat is added?

A $0.1\text{ kg}$ sample of glass ($c = 840\text{ J kg}^{-1}\text{ K}^{-1}$) is heated from $20^{\circ}\text{C}$ to $30^{\circ}\text{C}$. How much energy was absorbed?

The specific heat capacity of air is approximately $1000\text{ J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$. A room has dimensions $5\text{ m} \times 4\text{ m} \times 3\text{ m}$. If the density of air is $1.2\text{ kg m}^{-3}$, how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of the air in the room by $5\text{ K}$?

A metal block is heated by an electric heater. The graph shows the variation of the temperature of the block with time. Why does the gradient of the graph decrease as the temperature increases?

If you mix $1\text{ kg}$ of water at $20^{\circ}\text{C}$ with $2\text{ kg}$ of water at $80^{\circ}\text{C}$, the final temperature $T$ of the mixture is:

If the temperature of a substance is increased, its molecules move faster. For a given amount of energy, which substance will show the smallest increase in the average kinetic energy of its molecules?

Two liquids A and B are mixed. Liquid A has mass $m$, specific heat $c$, and temperature $20^{\circ}\text{C}$. Liquid B has mass $2m$, specific heat $2c$, and temperature $50^{\circ}\text{C}$. What is the equilibrium temperature?

A system consists of $N$ molecules each of mass $m$. The specific heat capacity at constant volume is $c_v$. If the internal energy is purely kinetic, which expression represents the root-mean-square speed $v_{rms}$ at temperature $T$?

When a gas is cooled at constant volume, the pressure decreases because:

The total number of atoms in $12\text{ g}$ of Carbon-12 is exactly:

If a substance has a high specific heat capacity, it means:

An ideal gas is contained in a rigid tank. If the absolute temperature is doubled, what happens to the pressure?

A $2.0\text{ kg}$ block of metal with specific heat capacity $400\text{ J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$ is at $100^{\circ}\text{C}$. It is dropped into $1.0\text{ kg}$ of water at $20^{\circ}\text{C}$. What is the final equilibrium temperature? (Specific heat of water $= 4200\text{ J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$)

A gas has a pressure $P$. If the volume is tripled and the absolute temperature is halved, what is the new pressure?

Which of the following represents the correct unit for the specific latent heat of a substance?

Which of the following graphs correctly represents the relationship between the pressure $P$ and the absolute temperature $T$ for an ideal gas at constant volume?

A liquid of mass $m$ and specific heat capacity $c$ is heated from temperature $T_1$ to $T_2$ by an electrical heater of power $P$. If the heating takes time $t$, and the efficiency is $\eta$, which expression is correct?

In a $P-T$ graph for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant volume, the line extrapolates to $P=0$ at $T = -273.15^{\circ}\text{C}$. This indicates that at this temperature:

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 1 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 2 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 3 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 4 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 5 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 6 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 7 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 8 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 9 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

1. Thermodynamics (HL): practice question 10 for The Particulate Nature of Matter?

A $12\,V$ battery is connected to a resistor. If $30\,C$ of charge passes through the resistor, how much energy is transferred?

What is the drift speed of electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area $A$ carrying a current $I$, where $n$ is the number of free electrons per unit volume and $e$ is the elementary charge?

A cell has an internal resistance $r$ and electromotive force (emf) $\varepsilon$. It is connected to an external resistor $R$. Which expression represents the terminal potential difference $V$?

Which of the following is the correct SI unit for electric current in terms of fundamental SI units?

In a circuit, the current is $2.0\,A$. How many electrons pass a point in the circuit in $10\,seconds$?

Two cells, each of emf $1.5\,V$ and internal resistance $0.5\,\Omega$, are connected in series. What is the total emf and total internal resistance?

A wire has resistance $R$. If the wire is stretched so that its length is doubled while its volume remains constant, what is the new resistance?

A specialized underwater drone is powered by four identical cells, each with an emf of $1.5\,V$ and an internal resistance of $0.5\,\Omega$, connected in series. The drone's motor acts as a load with a resistance of $8.0\,\Omega$. During a mission, one of the cells is accidentally reversed in polarity. What is the new current flowing through the motor?

In a physics laboratory, a student sets up a potential divider circuit to control the brightness of a small lamp. The circuit uses a 9.0 V battery and a potentiometer (variable resistor) with a total resistance of $100 \, \Omega$. The lamp, which has a constant resistance of $50 \, \Omega$, is connected across the lower half of the potentiometer ($50 \, \Omega$). Calculate the potential difference across the lamp.

An engineer is designing a heating element for a portable coffee maker. The circuit consists of two identical heating coils, each of resistance $R$, connected in parallel to a battery with electromotive force (emf) $\varepsilon$ and negligible internal resistance. If the coils are reconfigured from parallel to series, by what factor does the total power output of the heating system change?