Nuclei

Which of the following is the best description of the nuclear force's dependence on charge?

If we replace all neutrons in a nucleus with protons (hypothetically), the nuclear force component (ignoring electromagnetism) would:

The nuclear force is attractive enough to overcome the Coulomb repulsion between protons at distances of:

At a distance of $10$ fm, the ratio of nuclear force to electrostatic force between two protons is:

In the study of nuclear stability, the 'surface effect' explains why the binding energy per nucleon ($E_{bn}$) is lower for very light nuclei. Based on the short-range property of the nuclear force, why does a nucleon on the surface of a nucleus contribute less to the total binding energy than one in the interior?

Which of the following properties is shared by both nuclear forces and electrostatic forces?

The existence of stable nuclei like $^3He$ (two protons and one neutron) shows that:

If the mass of the pion were halved, what would be the most likely effect on the structure of the nucleus?

A dineutron ($nn$) and a diproton ($pp$) are not bound systems, but a deuteron ($np$) is. What is the fundamental nuclear force reason for this?

Which of the following describes the behavior of the nuclear force at a distance of $10 \text{ fm}$?

The binding energy curve shows that energy can be released by:

For a very light nucleus like $^1_1H$ (Hydrogen), the binding energy is:

Nuclear forces are 'saturated', which means a nucleon only interacts with:

What is the energy equivalent of a mass of $2\text{ u}$ in MeV?

Why is the mass-energy relation $E = mc^2$ more significant in nuclear physics than in chemical reactions?

The energy equivalent of $1 \text{ u}$ is $931.5 \text{ MeV}$. If a nucleus has a mass defect of $0.0024 \text{ u}$, its binding energy is:

Binding energy per nucleon for $_1^2H$ and $_1^3H$ are $1.1 \text{ MeV}$ and $2.8 \text{ MeV}$ respectively. The energy released in the fusion $_1^2H + _1^2H \rightarrow _1^3H + _1^1H$ is:

The constant value of binding energy per nucleon ($BE/A \approx 8\text{ MeV}$) for medium-sized nuclei implies that:

Calculate the mass of a ${}_{2}^{3}He$ nucleus if its binding energy is $7.72\text{ MeV}$. (Given: $m_p = 1.00727\text{ u}$, $m_n = 1.00866\text{ u}$)

What is the binding energy of the last neutron in ${}_{6}^{13}C$? Given: mass of ${}^{12}C = 12.00000\text{ u}$, mass of ${}^{13}C = 13.00335\text{ u}$, and $m_n = 1.00866\text{ u}$.

Which of the following is a coolant used in breeder reactors because it does not slow down neutrons significantly?

Which of the following nuclei is most likely to undergo fusion for energy release?

If the rate of a nuclear chain reaction is allowed to increase without control ($k > 1$), it results in:

Nuclear fission was first discovered in the experiment involving which element bombarded with neutrons?

Why does nuclear fusion release energy when light nuclei combine?

The curve of binding energy per nucleon versus mass number $A$ has a maximum near which element?

Which of the following materials is most likely to be used for the radiation shield (containment) of a nuclear reactor?

Which of the following is a byproduct of nuclear fission that contributes significantly to the long-term radiotoxicity of spent fuel?

If the temperature of a fusion plasma is $10^8 \text{ K}$, what is the average kinetic energy of the ions? ($k_B = 1.38 \times 10^{-23} \text{ J/K}$)

The 'Mean Logarithmic Energy Decrement' ($\xi$) for a moderator is defined as the average value of $\ln(E_1/E_2)$ per collision. For a moderator of mass $M$ (relative to neutron mass 1), $\xi \approx 2/(M + 2/3)$. Which moderator provides the fastest thermalization?

Approximately how many times is the mass of a proton greater than the mass of an electron?

The number of nucleons in a nucleus with $Z=11$ and $N=12$ is:

Which of the following is correct regarding the mass of a nucleus?

The symbol $u$ stands for:

A $^{12}_{6}C$ nucleus undergoes a hypothetical transformation where its constituent counts are modified as shown in the diagram. What is the mass number ($A$) of the resulting final nucleus?

Calculate the number of neutrons in a nucleus that has a radius $1.5$ times the radius of a $^{12}_{6}C$ nucleus and has $Z=18$.

An atom's mass is mainly concentrated in:

Find the ratio of the nuclear radius of $_{1}^{1}H$ to $_{92}^{235}U$.

The mass of $_{8}^{17}O$ is $16.99913 u$. The mass of $_{8}^{16}O$ is $15.99491 u$. The mass of a neutron is $1.00866 u$. The energy required to remove the last neutron from $_{8}^{17}O$ is:

Which of the following is true regarding the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

The density of water is $10^3$ $kg/m^3$. The density of a nucleus is roughly:

Nuclear radius is determined by experiments involving:

Which of the following nuclei has the smallest radius?

The average mass of a nucleon is $1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kg. If a nucleus has $A=20$, its approximate mass is:

If the number of nucleons in a certain nucleus is increased by $700\%$, by what percentage will the radius of the nucleus increase?

A nucleus with mass number $A$ has a radius $R$. If the nucleus captures additional nucleons such that its mass number increases to $3.375 A$, find the new radius of the nucleus.

The radius of a nucleus is $R = R_0 A^{1/3}$. The value of $R_0$ depends on:

What is the percentage error in the volume of a nucleus if there is a $1\%$ error in the measurement of its radius?

If the nuclear radius of ${}^{27}Al$ is $R_{Al}$, then the radius of ${}^{125}Te$ is $R_{Te}$. The value of $R_{Te}/R_{Al}$ is:

If a nucleus with mass number $A$ is modeled as a drop of liquid with constant density, the number of nucleons $A$ is proportional to:

After three half-lives, the percentage of a radioactive sample remaining is:

Alpha particles are similar to which of the following ions?

Radioactivity is basically a:

The law of radioactive decay is represented by the equation:

Two radioactive samples $S_1$ and $S_2$ contain the same number of nuclei at $t=0$. Their decay constants are $\lambda_1$ and $\lambda_2$ respectively, where $\lambda_1 > \lambda_2$. Which of the following expressions correctly identifies the time $t$ at which the activity of $S_1$ becomes equal to the activity of $S_2$?

A radioactive nucleus $A$ with mass number $A=232$ and atomic number $Z=90$ undergoes a series of decays to form a final nucleus $A_4$. The sequence of emissions is as follows: $\alpha$ (alpha), $\beta^-$ (beta-minus), $\alpha$ (alpha), and $\gamma$ (gamma). What are the mass number ($A'$) and atomic number ($Z'$) of the final nucleus $A_4$?

Two radioactive materials $X_1$ and $X_2$ have decay constants $5\lambda$ and $\lambda$ respectively. If initially they have the same number of nuclei, the ratio of the number of nuclei of $X_1$ to that of $X_2$ will be $1/e^2$ after a time interval of:

A certain radioactive isotope has a decay constant $\lambda$. What is the time required for the activity to decrease by $10\%$?

In a nuclear fusion reaction $2{^2_1H} \rightarrow {^4_2He}$, the binding energy per nucleon of $H^2$ is $1.1 \text{ MeV}$ and for $He^4$ is $7.0 \text{ MeV}$. The energy released in the fusion is:

The average binding energy per nucleon for nuclei in the range $30 < A < 170$ is approximately: