Thermal Physics

Mass

Volume

Temperature

Internal energy

It speeds up evaporation

It slows down evaporation

It has no effect

It causes the puddle to freeze

Joule

Newton

Pascal

Watt

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Crystal

The arrangement of the molecules.

The total mass of the substance.

The volume of the substance.

The internal potential energy of the molecules.

It decreases because the air becomes denser.

It increases because the perfume molecules have more kinetic energy and move faster.

It stays the same as diffusion only depends on concentration.

It stops because the molecules collide too often.

It is based on the freezing point of brine.

It has no negative values and starts at absolute zero.

It uses smaller degrees than the Celsius scale.

It was invented before the Celsius scale.

It increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the drink.

It removes the layer of vapor near the surface, preventing molecules from returning to the liquid.

The air from the lungs is significantly colder than the drink.

It increases the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the drink.

They are arranged randomly and can move from place to place.

They have higher potential energy than the particles of the same substance in the gas phase.

They vibrate about fixed positions and are held together by strong forces.

They do not possess any kinetic energy.

$0.5\text{ atm}$

$5.0\text{ atm}$

$8.0\text{ atm}$

$12.5\text{ atm}$

It becomes slightly longer.

It becomes slightly shorter.

Its mass increases.

Its density increases.

It increases.

It decreases.

It remains constant.

It becomes negative.

The operation of a bimetallic thermostat.

The use of thermometers to measure body temperature.

Buckling of railway tracks on a very hot day.

Using hot water to open a jar.

Less sensitive.

More sensitive (larger movement for the same temperature change).

Heavier and thus slower.

Inaccurate.

Copper has a higher melting point than steel.

The coefficient of linear expansion for copper is greater than for steel.

Copper is a better conductor of heat than steel.

The density of copper is less than the density of steel.

The glass jar contracts when heated.

The metal lid expands more than the glass jar.

The hot water acts as a lubricant.

The air inside the jar contracts.

Gas X will expand much more than Gas Y.

Gas Y will expand much more than Gas X.

Both gases will expand by approximately the same relative amount.

Expansion depends only on the molar mass of the gas.

$K^{-1}$

$J / (kg \cdot K)$

$m / K$

$W / (m \cdot K)$

The water expands more than the glass, creating enormous internal pressure.

The glass contracts when heated while the water expands.

The air inside the water molecules expands and creates bubbles.

The boiling point of water decreases under the pressure of the glass.

To allow the bridge to change length due to thermal expansion without damaging the support pillars.

To allow the bridge to sway during high winds to prevent collapse.

To reduce the friction of cars driving over the bridge.

To make it easier to replace the girders during maintenance.

$0.5^\circ C$

$1^\circ C$

$2^\circ C$

$4^\circ C$

Making thermometer bulbs

Storing thermal energy

Making drill bits

Fast-cooking pans

The mass was too small.

The thermometer was too accurate.

Energy was lost to the surroundings.

The heater was too efficient.

$5\text{ J}$

$50\text{ J}$

$500\text{ J}$

$5000\text{ J}$

c = E / (m * (T2 - T1))

c = (E * m) / (T2 - T1)

c = (T2 - T1) / (E * m)

c = E * m * (T2 - T1)

A material with a high specific heat capacity

A material with a low specific heat capacity

An insulator with a high specific heat capacity

A liquid with a low boiling point

$1000 J/(kg ^\circ C)$

$500 J/(kg ^\circ C)$

$250 J/(kg ^\circ C)$

$2000 J/(kg ^\circ C)$

$\Delta T$

$\Delta T / 2$

$2\Delta T$

$\Delta T / 4$

Energy needed to raise the temperature of $1\text{ kg}$ by $1^\circ\text{C}$.

Energy needed to raise the temperature of the whole object by $1^\circ\text{C}$.

The total internal energy of the object.

The energy needed to melt the object.

$933\text{ s}$

$840\text{ s}$

$756\text{ s}$

$1050\text{ s}$

Steam is at a higher temperature

Steam has more internal energy due to latent heat

Steam is invisible

Steam molecules move slower

Vapor

Solid

Plasma

Liquid

Freezing

Condensation

Boiling

Solidification

It increases

It decreases

It stays the same

It becomes zero

Stop vibrating and start moving in straight lines.

Gain enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a fixed pattern.

Increase their vibration frequency until the temperature rises again.

Lose potential energy as they move into the liquid state.

Double.

Be halved.

Remain the same.

Quadruple.

Using a fan to blow air across the bowl.

Heating the liquid to a higher temperature.

Covering the bowl with a lid.

Transferring the liquid to a wider bowl.

Potential energy of molecules decreases and heat is absorbed.

Kinetic energy of molecules increases and heat is released.

Potential energy of molecules decreases and heat is released.

Kinetic energy of molecules decreases and heat is absorbed.

$2\ kg$ of water at $0^{\circ}C$

$2\ kg$ of water at $80^{\circ}C$

$2\ kg$ of ice at $0^{\circ}C$

$1.5\ kg$ of water and $0.5\ kg$ of ice.

Molecules can escape more easily even at lower kinetic energies.

The specific heat capacity of such liquids is always low.

The latent heat of vaporization is higher for such liquids.

Such liquids generally have higher boiling points.

The volume decreases

The volume increases

The volume stays the same

The volume disappears

To reflect heat back into the liquid

To provide structural strength

To prevent conduction

To stop the liquid from leaking

They are good insulators

They are poor conductors

They are good conductors

They are very heavy

Only a liquid

Only a gas

A substance that can flow (liquid or gas)

Any solid that can melt

Black surfaces are better reflectors of radiation.

Black surfaces are better absorbers of radiation.

White surfaces are better emitters of radiation.

White surfaces conduct heat more effectively to the surroundings.

Double the thickness doubles the rate of conduction.

Double the thickness halves the rate of conduction.

Thickness has no effect on the rate of conduction.

Double the thickness quadruples the rate of conduction.

A vacuum

Still air

Water

Iron

It prevents conduction between the atmosphere and space.

It allows short-wavelength radiation in but traps long-wavelength (IR) radiation from leaving.

It speeds up convection, carrying heat to the poles.

It reflects all incoming solar radiation back into space.

A high-density metal with high thermal conductivity.

A porous ceramic with low thermal conductivity and a reflective outer coating.

A solid block of copper painted matte black.

A thin sheet of lead to block radiation.

To increase the pressure of the water.

To take advantage of natural convection, allowing hot water to rise to the tanks/taps.

To prevent radiation from reaching the roof.

Because conduction is faster in the upward direction.