krit.club logo

Waves - Beats

Grade 11CBSEPhysics

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

•

The phenomenon of periodic variation in the intensity of sound (waxing and waning) when two sound waves of slightly different frequencies, traveling in the same direction, superimpose is called Beats.

•

For beats to be audible and distinguishable by the human ear, the difference between the two frequencies (∣f1−f2∣|f_1 - f_2|) should not exceed 10 Hz10\text{ Hz} due to the persistence of hearing.

•

A 'Waxing' refers to the point of maximum intensity, while a 'Waning' refers to the point of minimum intensity.

•

The beat frequency is defined as the number of beats heard per second, which is numerically equal to the absolute difference between the frequencies of the two sources.

•

Loading a tuning fork with wax decreases its frequency (f↓f \downarrow), while filing the prongs of a tuning fork increases its frequency (f↑f \uparrow).

📐Formulae

y1=Asin⁡(2πf1t)y_1 = A \sin(2\pi f_1 t) (Displacement of first wave)

y2=Asin⁡(2πf2t)y_2 = A \sin(2\pi f_2 t) (Displacement of second wave)

y=[2Acos⁡π(f1−f2)t]sin⁡π(f1+f2)ty = [2A \cos \pi(f_1 - f_2)t] \sin \pi(f_1 + f_2)t (Resultant wave equation)

fbeat=∣f1−f2∣f_{beat} = |f_1 - f_2| (Beat Frequency)

Tbeat=1f1−f2T_{beat} = \frac{1}{f_1 - f_2} (Time interval between two successive waxings/beats)

💡Examples

Problem 1:

A tuning fork PP of unknown frequency gives 6 beats/s6\text{ beats/s} with another tuning fork QQ of frequency 256 Hz256\text{ Hz}. On loading PP with a little wax, the number of beats per second remains 66. Find the original frequency of tuning fork PP.

Solution:

The original frequency of PP is 262 Hz262\text{ Hz}.

Explanation:

The possible frequencies for PP are fP=256±6f_P = 256 \pm 6, which gives 262 Hz262\text{ Hz} or 250 Hz250\text{ Hz}. When PP is loaded with wax, its frequency fPf_P decreases. Case 1: If fP=250 Hzf_P = 250\text{ Hz}, decreasing it makes the difference with 256 Hz256\text{ Hz} greater than 66. Case 2: If fP=262 Hzf_P = 262\text{ Hz}, decreasing it to 250 Hz250\text{ Hz} would make the difference ∣250−256∣=6|250 - 256| = 6. Since the beat frequency remains 66, the original frequency must have been higher than 256256. Thus, original fP=262 Hzf_P = 262\text{ Hz}.

Problem 2:

Two sound sources produce waves given by y1=5sin⁡(100πt)y_1 = 5 \sin(100\pi t) and y2=5sin⁡(108πt)y_2 = 5 \sin(108\pi t). Calculate the beat frequency and the time interval between successive maximum intensities.

Solution:

fbeat=4 Hzf_{beat} = 4\text{ Hz}, Tbeat=0.25 sT_{beat} = 0.25\text{ s}

Explanation:

Comparing with y=Asin⁡(2πft)y = A \sin(2\pi f t), we get: 2πf1=100π  ⟹  f1=50 Hz2\pi f_1 = 100\pi \implies f_1 = 50\text{ Hz} and 2πf2=108π  ⟹  f2=54 Hz2\pi f_2 = 108\pi \implies f_2 = 54\text{ Hz}. The beat frequency is fbeat=∣f2−f1∣=∣54−50∣=4 Hzf_{beat} = |f_2 - f_1| = |54 - 50| = 4\text{ Hz}. The time interval between successive maxima is T=1fbeat=14=0.25 sT = \frac{1}{f_{beat}} = \frac{1}{4} = 0.25\text{ s}.