Variation and Selection

Independent assortment of chromosomes

Growth by mitosis

Protein synthesis

Binary fission

A person having the alleles $I^A I^B$ instead of $I^A I^A$

A person having a tan from the sun

A person losing a limb in an accident

A person learning a second language

Genetic mutation

Soil pH (Environment)

Random fertilization

Chromosome number

Locus

Centromere

Chromatid

Nucleus

Continuous variation

Discontinuous variation

Environmental variation

Acquired variation

Continuous variation is not genetic

Discontinuous variation has distinct categories

Continuous variation is only found in animals

Discontinuous variation is only caused by the environment

It increases the rate of mutation in the zygote

It allows any sperm to fuse with any egg, creating unique combinations

It ensures that only the strongest sperm fertilizes the egg

It doubles the number of chromosomes in the gametes

Nonsense mutation; increases phenotypic variation.

Silent mutation; does not change the amino acid sequence.

Missense mutation; creates a new protein function.

Frameshift mutation; alters the entire protein structure.

All four gametes will have an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Two gametes will be normal, one will have $n+1$, and one will have $n-1$.

Two gametes will have $n+1$ and two will have $n-1$.

The zygote will always be polyploid.

High glucose concentration in cells

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Normal body temperature

ATP hydrolysis

To store extra water for the leaves

To protect the living tissues of the trunk from high temperatures

To attract wood-boring insects

To allow the tree to grow faster after a fire

Very tall, brittle stems

Large, delicate flowers

Flexible stems and small or divided leaves

No roots to anchor the plant

To help the plant absorb more nitrogen from the air

As an adaptation to deter herbivores from eating them

To speed up the rate of respiration in the plant

To attract specific types of pollinators

Highly developed eyes with multiple lenses

Brightly colored skin to attract mates

Increased sensitivity of other senses like touch or smell

The ability to photosynthesize

It ensures that every individual can survive a change in the environment

It allows selection to favor the most 'fit' individuals when conditions change

It prevents the population from growing too large

It makes it easier for individuals to find mates

Having a very small size and low mass

Having a buoyant, air-filled husk or fibrous coating

Having hooks that attach to the feathers of water birds

Having a high sugar content to attract fish

It allows the bacteria to move faster toward nutrients

It allows the bacteria to survive extreme heat or lack of water

It increases the rate of binary fission

It facilitates the exchange of genetic material

A single gene with two alleles, where one is dominant and one is recessive.

The influence of multiple genes (polygenic inheritance) and environmental factors.

Random mutations that occur only during the adult stage of life.

A lack of selection pressure acting on that specific trait.

It allows the iguana to maintain its internal osmotic balance after consuming saltwater algae.

It creates a salt crust on its skin that protects it from UV radiation.

It makes the iguana taste bad to predators like hawks.

It allows the iguana to sink more easily to the bottom of the ocean to feed.

It ensures that all individuals in the population are equally likely to survive.

It provides a range of phenotypes upon which natural selection can act.

It allows organisms to change their genes in response to environmental stress.

It prevents the population from becoming too large for its environment.

There is no genetic variation for the desired trait

The environment is too stable

Too many offspring are produced

Natural selection is too slow

Binary fission

Sexual reproduction

Budding

Cloning

It causes all mutations to happen

It acts as a selection pressure

It has no role in the process

It allows all individuals to survive equally

Selective breeding

Natural selection

Artificial selection

Genetic engineering

The population remains unchanged if the environment is stable

The population gradually becomes better adapted to its environment

All members of the population become genetically identical

The species will eventually stop needing to reproduce

When a few individuals start a new population with a limited subset of alleles

When a farmer finds a new species of plant in the wild

When a mutation occurs that makes an individual larger than its parents

When a predator eats all the slowest members of a population

A change in an individual's behavior during a single lifetime

A heritable feature that improves an organism's fitness in its environment

The process of humans choosing which animals should breed

A random mutation that has no effect on the organism's survival

Natural selection for urban environments.

Artificial selection through selective breeding by humans.

The inheritance of acquired characteristics during the birds' lifetimes.

Convergent evolution with other bird species.

It speeds up the process of adaptation in both populations.

It can counteract the effects of natural selection by introducing alleles that are not well-suited to the local environment.

It has no effect on natural selection because selection only happens at the individual level.

It causes both populations to undergo disruptive selection.

Directional selection driven by male-male competition for mates.

Stabilizing selection to keep the horns from getting too heavy.

Disruptive selection favoring beetles with no horns and very large horns.

Random genetic drift in a very large population.