Biotechnology and its Applications

Genus, Species, Strain, Order of Discovery

Species, Genus, Strain, Order of Discovery

Genus, Strain, Species, Order of Discovery

Strain, Genus, Species, Order of Discovery

A disease-causing agent

An organism that transfers DNA from one cell to another

A DNA molecule used as a vehicle to carry foreign DNA into a host cell

The host cell that receives the foreign DNA

$25^{\circ}C$

$42^{\circ}C$

$75^{\circ}C$

$100^{\circ}C$

They act as primers

They act as the enzyme catalyst

They are the building blocks for the new DNA strand

They stabilize the temperature of the reaction

To provide oxygen to the growing cells

To maintain the optimal temperature by removing excess heat

To prevent the entry of contaminating microbes

To ensure uniform mixing of the medium

Tetracycline resistance

Ampicillin resistance

Kanamycin resistance

Chloramphenicol resistance

The template DNA strand

The restriction enzyme

The primer

The ligase enzyme

Annealing occurs at a lower temperature ($40-60^{\circ}C$) because high temperatures would prevent hydrogen bond formation.

Annealing doesn't involve hydrogen bonds; it involves covalent bonds.

The temperature should be $72^{\circ}C$ to allow Taq polymerase to bind.

The primers do not bind to the template; they bind to the polymerase.

Formulation -> Purification -> Separation -> Preservation

Separation -> Purification -> Formulation -> Preservation

Purification -> Separation -> Preservation -> Formulation

Preservation -> Formulation -> Purification -> Separation

By using a higher concentration of DNA ligase.

By 'blunting' the ends using a DNA polymerase or an exonuclease before ligation.

By increasing the incubation temperature to $65^{\circ}C$.

By adding $CaCl_{2}$ to the ligation mixture.

Lepidopterans (tobacco budworm)

Coleopterans (beetles)

Dipterans (flies, mosquitoes)

Hymenopterans (bees)

Safety testing

Bioprospecting

Gene mapping

Chemical safety testing

Mature insulin

Pro-insulin

Humulin

Synthetic insulin

Getting the insulin out of the cell

Assembling the insulin into a mature form

Scaling up the production

Finding the right bacteria

Soil erosion

The amount of chemical insecticides used in the environment

The greenhouse effect

Water salinity in irrigated fields

An organism produced by the fusion of two different species' gametes.

An organism that has had its DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene.

An organism that has been cloned from a single somatic cell.

An organism that has undergone natural selection for many generations.

Genomic DNA is too large to fit in a plasmid.

Bacteria cannot process the introns present in human genomic DNA.

cDNA is more stable than genomic DNA.

The insulin gene does not exist in genomic DNA.

Animal cells have a larger nucleus than plant cells

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that is difficult to penetrate with a micro-needle

Animal cells do not have any restriction enzymes

Plant cells lack a plasma membrane

A mutation in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase

Deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase

A point mutation in the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin

The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

Over 95% of all existing transgenic animals are mice

They are used to test the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans

They are created by injecting DNA into the cytoplasm of a somatic cell which is then cloned

They can be used to study the regulation of genes and their effect on normal body functions