Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.
🔑Concepts
Animal Husbandry: Management of livestock including feeding, breeding, and disease control to increase yield. Key practices include Dairy Farm Management and Poultry Farm Management.
Animal Breeding: Aimed at increasing yield and improving desirable qualities. Includes Inbreeding (breeding closely related individuals for generations) and Outbreeding (Out-crossing, Cross-breeding, and Interspecific Hybridization).
Inbreeding Depression: Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and productivity, which can be restored by a single outcross with unrelated superior animals of the same breed.
MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer): A program for herd improvement where a cow is administered hormones with -like activity to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation ( eggs per cycle).
Green Revolution: The dramatic increase in food production during the mid-s due to the use of high-yielding varieties (HYV), especially of wheat and rice, developed by and .
Plant Breeding Steps: (1) Collection of variability ( ), (2) Evaluation and selection of parents, (3) Cross-hybridization, (4) Selection and testing of superior recombinants, (5) Testing, release, and commercialization.
Biofortification: Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats to improve public health (e.g., enriched rice, enriched carrots).
Single Cell Protein (SCP): Use of microorganisms like or to produce protein-rich food/feed. of can produce tonnes of protein due to high rate of biomass production.
Tissue Culture: Technique of regenerating whole plants from any part of a plant () grown in a sterile nutrient medium. Based on —the capacity of a cell/explant to generate a whole plant.
Somaclonal Variation: Genetic variations present among plants regenerated from a single culture (somaclones), which are genetically identical to the original plant.
Somatic Hybridization: Fusion of isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants (using or ) to get a hybrid protoplast, e.g., (Potato + Tomato).
📐Formulae
💡Examples
Problem 1:
A scientist wants to produce plants of a rare orchid in a short period. Which technique should be used, and what is the specific term for the plants produced?
Solution:
The technique used is Micropropagation (a form of Tissue Culture). The plants produced are called Somaclones.
Explanation:
Micropropagation allows for the rapid vegetative multiplication of plants using in a controlled environment. Since they are derived from the same parent plant via mitosis, they are genetically identical and termed somaclones.
Problem 2:
Explain the significance of the of the bacterium in solving the world's protein deficiency.
Solution:
High biomass production: of this bacterium can produce (25 tonnes) of protein in hours.
Explanation:
Due to its high rate of biomass production and growth, this microorganism serves as a potent source of Single Cell Protein (SCP), far exceeding the protein production rate of larger livestock like cows ( cow produces only of protein per day).
Problem 3:
Identify the chemical used to facilitate the fusion of protoplasts in somatic hybridization.
Solution:
The chemicals used are Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Sodium Nitrate.
Explanation:
After removing the cell walls using and , the naked protoplasts are treated with to induce fusion of the plasma membranes, leading to the formation of a somatic hybrid.