Form and function

Protein pumps

Active transport

Simple diffusion

Endocytosis

They are non-polar and point inwards

They are polar and point towards the water

They are made of long fatty acid chains

They are embedded in the center of the membrane

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Toxic

Simple diffusion requires energy, facilitated does not

Facilitated diffusion requires a protein, simple diffusion does not

Simple diffusion moves against the gradient

Only simple diffusion involves gases

Cytoplasm

The external sucrose solution

Pure water that has leaked out of the vacuole

A vacuum with no molecules

Process 1 only

Process 2 only

Both Process 1 and Process 2

Neither Process 1 nor Process 2

Region 1 only

Region 2 only

Region 3 only

Regions 1 and 3 only

Cell recognition and protection.

Increasing the speed of nerve impulses.

Synthesizing lipids for the bilayer.

Providing a site for aerobic respiration.

It is the movement of water from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

It is the movement of solutes from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential.

It is an active process that requires the use of ATP to move water.

It occurs only through the lipid bilayer and never through proteins.

They are repelled by the hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

They are too large to fit between the phosphate heads.

They are attracted to the cholesterol molecules, which trap them.

They react chemically with the glycerol in the phospholipids.

Plasma membrane

Nuclear envelope

Tonoplast

Cell wall

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Capsule

Cytoplasm

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Ribosome

Golgi body

To store genetic information

To translate mRNA into protein

To transport materials between organelles or to the cell surface

To provide structural support to the cell membrane

Compartmentalization allows for larger cell sizes.

Eukaryotes have a much higher Surface Area to Volume ratio inherently.

Specific chemical environments can be maintained for different reactions.

DNA is protected within a double-membrane bound nucleus.

To let DNA escape into the cytoplasm for translation.

To allow RNA and ribosomal subunits to exit the nucleus.

To allow mitochondria to enter and provide energy for replication.

To facilitate the movement of glucose for energy storage.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

Chloroplast

The translation of proteins in the cytoplasm.

The replication of DNA during the S phase.

The synthesis of $ATP$ in the mitochondria.

The osmosis of water into the central vacuole.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Nucleolus

Its large surface area is studded with ribosomes, allowing for simultaneous synthesis of many proteins into the lumen.

Its smooth surface allows for the rapid synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones.

It contains internal stacks of thylakoids that capture light energy for the synthesis of peptide bonds.

It has a double membrane that protects the mRNA from being degraded by cytoplasmic nucleases.

Chemical signals that alter gene expression

Physical pressure from neighboring cells only

The loss of all ribosomes

The cell moving outside of the organism

Sperm cell

Zygote

Neuron

Red blood cell

By increasing the size of each individual cell indefinitely

By increasing the number of cells through cell division

By absorbing whole cells from the environment

By decreasing their surface area

Muscle fiber

Blood

The Heart

Mitochondrion

To store waste products from the stem cells.

To provide a microenvironment that maintains the stem cells and regulates their activity.

To destroy stem cells that are no longer needed.

To prevent the stem cells from ever dividing.

Extensive Golgi apparatus and rough ER

A large number of lysosomes

A thick cell wall

Multiple flagella for movement

Transport oxygen to tissues.

Produce antibodies against viruses.

Engulf and digest pathogens.

Carry out rapid cell division to replace skin cells.

It eliminates the risk of immune rejection (rejection-free)

Adult stem cells are easier to grow in a laboratory setting

Adult stem cells are totipotent and can form any tissue

There are no ethical guidelines governing the use of adult stem cells

The cell's developmental fate becomes fixed even if it is moved to a new location

The cell doubles its size and number of mitochondria

The cell loses its plasma membrane and forms a syncytium

The cell enters a permanent state of dormancy known as senescence

It performs all functions of life within a single cell

It lacks a cell wall and thus can change shape easily

It reproduces only through sexual conjugation

It has no organelles and relies on external enzymes

Thick muscular walls

A wall only one cell thick

Presence of many valves

A very large lumen

Tricuspid valve

Mitral (Bicuspid) valve

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Urea

Hormones

Glycogen

Carbon dioxide

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Spongy mesophyll

Palisade mesophyll

Upper epidermis

Xylem vessels

Arteries have valves, but veins do not

Veins have a thicker tunica media than arteries

Arteries have a narrower lumen than veins of the same size

Veins carry blood at a much higher pressure than arteries

Sunken stomata in pits

Having a thin cuticle

Increasing the surface area of the leaf

Opening stomata during the hottest part of the day

Sucrose will be actively transported into the xylem to restore the pressure gradient

Stomata will open wider to increase the transpiration pull and balance the water potential

Mass flow of sap will cease because water cannot enter the sieve tube to generate hydrostatic pressure

The rate of translocation will increase to move sugars to the roots more quickly for storage

The renal artery has a higher concentration of urea than the renal vein.

The renal vein has a higher concentration of oxygen than the renal artery.

The renal artery has a lower concentration of glucose than the renal vein.

The concentrations are identical to maintain equilibrium.

The attraction between water molecules and other water molecules.

The attraction between water molecules and the cellulose in the xylem cell walls.

The movement of water into the roots via osmosis.

The force that pushes water out of the stomata.

Because all individuals need to be exactly the same to survive

It ensures that at least some individuals may have traits suited to the new conditions

It prevents the population from growing too large

It allows organisms to choose which traits they want to pass on

Thick layers of insulating fat

Prehensile tails for climbing trees

Long periods of hibernation

Large body size to conserve heat

By changing its color individually to match a tree

By a shift in the population's color frequency due to environmental changes (pollution)

By migrating to areas with less pollution

By learning to hide under leaves

The presence of predators

The average annual rainfall

The density of the population

The variety of prey species available

Rapid muscle contractions that generate heat as a metabolic byproduct

Movement of blood to the extremities to absorb heat

A conscious effort to increase surface area

The breakdown of fat in the liver to release thermal energy

Bird bones are denser and heavier for stability

Bird bones are hollow and contain air sacs to reduce weight

Birds lack a vertebral column

Birds have more joints to increase flexibility

To allow CO2 to enter the leaf easily

To reduce non-stomatal water loss from the leaf surface

To reflect all sunlight to prevent overheating

To provide a surface for companion cells

It acts as a sensory organ for detecting vibrations in the water.

It is a protective flap that helps pump water over the gills, allowing gas exchange even when stationary.

It allows the fish to change its buoyancy.

It is used to scrape algae off of rocks.

Extremely low light conditions in the forest floor

High herbivory pressure from large mammals

Environments with very high temperatures and low water availability

Waterlogged soils with very low oxygen levels

To increase the rate of water uptake through the apoplast

To force water and minerals to pass through the plasma membrane of endodermal cells

To provide structural support to the root as it pushes through the soil

To store starch for the plant's use during the winter

Predation only

Competition only

The tolerance limits of the organism for various environmental factors

Human interference

They have identical niches

They occupy different niches or partition resources

They are both top predators

They both have unlimited resources

Niche

Habitat

Community

Trophic level

Consuming other organisms for energy

Breaking down dead matter

Converting solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Preying on primary consumers

Species A and Species C are in direct competition with each other for the same resources.

Species B is likely to experience the greatest total interspecific competition as its niche overlaps with both other species.

Species A is a generalist species, while Species B and Species C are highly specialized.

The realized niche of Species B is likely to be larger than its fundamental niche due to these interactions.

The species is a specialist.

The species can survive in many different environmental conditions.

The species has a very small realized niche.

The species is highly dependent on one specific resource.

Capturing energy from sunlight.

Hunting live prey in the forest.

Breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients.

Living inside a host and causing disease.

Specialist

Generalist

Producer

Competitor

Habitat

Ecological niche

Fundamental niche only

Abiotic tolerance

Competitive exclusion

Niche partitioning

Character displacement

Fundamental niche overlap