Human Health and Diseases
Each subtopic includes About section, revision page link, 10 preview questions, and practice CTAs.
Common Pathogenic Diseases in Humans
SubtopicCommon Pathogenic Diseases in Humans under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
What is the primary reservoir for Ascaris eggs in the environment?
A.Stagnant water
B.Air
C.Contaminated soil
D.Saliva of mosquitoes
- 2.
Entamoeba histolytica is a parasite that lives in which part of the human body?
A.Stomach
B.Large intestine
C.Red blood cells
D.Salivary glands
- 3.
Which of the following is a bacterial disease often characterized by a persistent cough and fluid in the lungs?
A.Dysentery
B.Pneumonia
C.Amoebiasis
D.Malaria
- 4.
Which organism is NOT a primary pathogen but serves as a vector for malaria?
A.Female Anopheles mosquito
B.Plasmodium vivax
C.Plasmodium falciparum
D.Plasmodium malariae
- 5.
Broadly speaking, any organism that causes disease in its host is referred to as a:
A.Vector
B.Carrier
C.Pathogen
D.Commensal
- 6.
Within the female mosquito, where do the sporozoites go after being formed in the mosquito's body?
A.Intestine
B.Salivary glands
C.Ovaries
D.Thoracic muscles
- 7.
What is the primary diagnostic indicator of amoebiasis in a clinical stool sample?
A.Presence of mucus and blood clots
B.Presence of eggs
C.Presence of haemozoin granules
D.Presence of colonies
- 8.
In the context of pathogenic diseases, what is the 'incubation period'?
A.The time taken for the pathogen to be killed by the immune system
B.The time interval between the entry of the pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms
C.The duration for which a vector remains infectious
D.The time required for the Widal test to show a positive result
- 9.
A student summarizes the preventive measures for various diseases. Which disease is correctly paired with its prevention method?
A.Pneumonia: Use of mosquito nets
B.Amoebiasis: Proper disposal of waste and using clean drinking water
C.Ringworm: Vaccination at birth
D.Malaria: Eating thoroughly cooked meat
- 10.
Which phase of the Malarial parasite's life cycle is responsible for the symptoms observed in the human host?
A.The liver phase (Exo-erythrocytic cycle)
B.The blood phase (Erythrocytic cycle)
C.The mosquito phase (Sporogony)
D.The gametogony phase in the mosquito gut
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Common Pathogenic Diseases in Humans to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Basic Concepts of Immunology
SubtopicBasic Concepts of Immunology under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Small lymphoid aggregates found in the wall of the small intestine are called:
A.Lymph nodes
B.Tonsils
C.Peyer's patches
D.Spleen
- 2.
The term 'antitoxin' refers to a preparation containing antibodies to a specific:
A.Virus
B.Bacterium
C.Toxin
D.Fungus
- 3.
A person recovering from a natural infection like measles develops which type of immunity?
A.Active immunity
B.Passive immunity
C.Innate immunity
D.Artificial immunity
- 4.
Which of the following is responsible for the rejection of kidney grafts in patients?
A.Humoral immune response
B.Physiological barriers
C.Cell-mediated immune response
D.Innate immunity
- 5.
Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific. This specificity is primarily due to the presence of specific receptors on the surface of:
A.Neutrophils
B.Macrophage
C.Lymphocytes
D.Erythrocytes
- 6.
In the human body, the tonsils and small masses of lymphatic tissue in the throat are considered:
A.Primary lymphoid organs
B.Secondary lymphoid organs
C.Part of the circulatory system only
D.Vestigial organs
- 7.
Which of the following is NOT part of the physical barriers of innate immunity?
A.Skin
B.Mucus coating
C.Acid in the stomach
D.Cilia in the respiratory tract
- 8.
The 'Antigen-Antibody complex' formation is a key step in the humoral response. This interaction primarily occurs in:
A.The Bone Marrow
B.The Blood and Lymph
C.Inside the host cells only
D.The Thymus
- 9.
When a person is exposed to an allergen, like pollen or dust, their body starts sneezing and develops watery eyes. This is because:
A.The allergen destroys the epithelial lining of the nose.
B.The antibodies on mast cells trigger the release of histamine.
C.The antibodies in the blood start coagulating.
D.The T-helper cells kill the pollen grains directly.
- 10.
Which part of the antibody molecule actually binds to the antigen?
A.The constant region of the heavy chain.
B.The variable region of both heavy and light chains.
C.The carbohydrate chain attached to the constant region.
D.The disulfide bridge area.
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Basic Concepts of Immunology to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Vaccines and Immunization
SubtopicVaccines and Immunization under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Smallpox vaccine was prepared using which virus by Edward Jenner?
A.Measles virus
B.Cowpox virus
C.Polio virus
D.Influenza virus
- 2.
The first dose of a vaccine stimulates the production of:
A.Primary immune response
B.Secondary immune response
C.Tertiary immune response
D.Anaphylactic shock
- 3.
Vaccines provide long-term protection because of the formation of:
A.Red blood cells
B.Memory cells
C.Platelets
D.Plasma
- 4.
What is the function of antibodies in the body?
A.To produce antigens
B.To neutralize or destroy pathogens
C.To carry oxygen to cells
D.To speed up digestion
- 5.
The following flowchart illustrates the two main pathways of the immune response following vaccination. If a particular vaccine is developed that successfully triggers the pathway for 'Component 1' but fails to generate 'Component 2', what would be the most likely result for the vaccinated person?
A.The person will develop a permanent state of active immunity against the pathogen.
B.The person will have temporary protection from initial antibodies but will remain susceptible to future infections.
C.The person will develop an immediate allergic reaction to any future exposure to the same pathogen.
D.The person will only be able to acquire immunity if they are naturally infected by the pathogen first.
- 6.
Antivenom used for snake bites contains:
A.Attenuated snake venom
B.Killed snake venom
C.Preformed antibodies
D.Antigenic proteins of snake venom
- 7.
Why does active immunity take more time to develop than passive immunity?
A.Because antibodies are already present in active immunity
B.Because the body needs to recognize the antigen and produce its own antibodies and memory cells
C.Because active immunity uses chemicals instead of cells
D.Because the pathogens in active immunity are stronger
- 8.
Why is active immunization generally considered more 'sustainable' for public health than passive immunization?
A.It is cheaper to produce antibodies in a lab than in a human.
B.It provides long-lasting immunological memory, protecting the population for years.
C.It does not require any follow-up or medical supervision.
D.It only requires the person to eat certain foods to activate the vaccine.
- 9.
How does the immune system differentiate between the 'self' cells of the body and the 'non-self' antigens present in a vaccine?
A.Through the action of digestive enzymes in the blood.
B.Through specific recognition by T-cell and B-cell receptors calibrated during development.
C.The vaccine antigens are always larger than human cells.
D.Human cells do not have any proteins on their surface.
- 10.
Identify the incorrect pair regarding vaccines and their types:
A.DPT - Combined vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus)
B.Hepatitis B - Recombinant vaccine
C.MMR - Passive immunization serum
D.Salk Vaccine - Inactivated Pathogen
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Vaccines and Immunization to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Cancer and AIDS
SubtopicCancer and AIDS under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Why is it important to detect cancer at an early stage?
A.To make it spread faster
B.To increase the cost of treatment
C.To successfully treat the disease
D.To ensure the tumor becomes malignant
- 2.
Immunity against cancer can be boosted by using:
A.Antibiotics
B.Alpha-interferons
C.Painkillers
D.Antipyretics
- 3.
What makes malignant tumors more dangerous than benign tumors?
A.They have a protective capsule
B.They spread to other parts of the body
C.They are always small in size
D.They do not divide
- 4.
Which of the following methods is used to detect cancers of the internal organs?
A.MRI
B.CT Scan
C.Radiography
D.All of the above
- 5.
The provided flowchart illustrates the application of molecular biology in cancer management. What is the primary clinical significance of the step 'Detection of susceptibility genes' for a person who does not yet show symptoms of cancer?
A.It enables the immediate use of biological response modifiers like -interferon.
B.It serves as a confirmatory test to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.
C.It allows the individual to take preventive measures by avoiding specific carcinogens.
D.It is a specialized radiography technique used to detect already established internal tumors.
- 6.
Which of the following is true regarding cellular oncogenes ()?
A.They are only found in cancer patients
B.They are present in all normal cells and can be activated to cause cancer
C.They are genes that produce antibodies
D.They are viral genes that enter the host cell during infection
- 7.
What is the role of the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
A.Translating viral RNA into proteins
B.Splicing host DNA
C.Synthesizing viral DNA from the viral RNA template
D.Breaking down the host cell membrane
- 8.
Which of the following describes 'metastasis'?
A.The process of cell differentiation in the embryo
B.The spread of cancer cells from the site of origin to distant parts of the body via blood or lymph
C.The programmed death of old cells in the body
D.The repair of damaged DNA by specialized enzymes
- 9.
The screening of blood in blood banks for HIV is primarily done using which technique?
A.Western Blot
B.PCR
C.ELISA
D.MRI
- 10.
What happens to the (Helper T-lymphocyte) count during the period of multiple opportunistic infections in an HIV patient?
A.It increases to fight the infections
B.It remains stable but the cells become non-functional
C.It decreases progressively and significantly
D.It fluctuates wildly every 24 hours
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Cancer and AIDS to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
SubtopicAdolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
What is the common term used for the physical and mental state of a person who is unable to live without a particular drug?
A.Withdrawal
B.Dependence
C.Recovery
D.Stimulation
- 2.
Which of the following is a symptom of mood swings and aggressive behavior often seen in steroid abusers?
A.Calmness
B.Increased irritability
C.Improved sleep
D.Enhanced empathy
- 3.
In addition to liver damage, chronic alcohol abuse also leads to damage of the:
A.Nervous system
B.Skeletal system
C.Skin
D.Hair
- 4.
Side effects of anabolic steroids in females include an enlarged:
A.Liver
B.Clitoris
C.Heart
D.Kidney
- 5.
Tobacco smoking is associated with several chronic health conditions. Based on the sequence of pathological changes provided in the flowchart below, identify the specific respiratory condition denoted by ''.
A.Lung Cancer
B.Chronic Bronchitis
C.Emphysema
D.Coronary Heart Disease
- 6.
What is the primary long-term social consequence of drug/alcohol addiction in an individual?
A.Improved social standing
B.Increased financial stability
C.Mental and financial distress to the family
D.Better communication with peers
- 7.
The first step toward drug or alcohol abuse in adolescents is often driven by:
A.Medical necessity
B.Curiosity and experimentation
C.Genetic inheritance
D.Nutritional deficiency
- 8.
Which of the following describes the effect of chronic tobacco use on the gastric mucosa?
A.It stimulates the production of protective mucus
B.It increases the secretion of gastric acid, raising the risk of peptic ulcers
C.It speeds up the healing of existing ulcers
D.It has no significant effect on the digestive system
- 9.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a severe neurological disorder often seen in chronic alcoholics. It is primarily caused by the deficiency of which vitamin, due to poor nutrition and malabsorption?
A.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
B.Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
C.Vitamin D (Calciferol)
D.Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
- 10.
What is the primary chemical difference between Morphine and Heroin?
A.Morphine has two additional methyl groups
B.Heroin is the diacetylated form of morphine
C.Morphine is a synthetic version of heroin
D.Heroin contains an extra nitrogen atom in its ring structure
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Innate and Acquired Immunity
SubtopicInnate and Acquired Immunity under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Vaccination provides protection against future infections by creating:
A.Antigens
B.Memory cells
C.Toxins
D.Histamine
- 2.
The ability of the immune system to recognize and respond more vigorously to a pathogen it has encountered before is:
A.Sensitivity
B.Immunological memory
C.Phagocytosis
D.Inflammation
- 3.
Which cells in the body are often called 'soldiers' of the immune system?
A.Erythrocytes
B.Thrombocytes
C.WBCs
D.Melanocytes
- 4.
The use of anti-venom after a snake bite is an example of:
A.Active immunization
B.Passive immunization
C.Innate immunity
D.Natural immunity
- 5.
The coordination of the acquired immune response requires interaction between different immune cells. Based on the pathway below, identify the specific role of 'Cell X' in the activation of the humoral response.
A.Cell X is a Cytotoxic T-cell that directly lyses the -lymphocyte to release its antibodies.
B.Cell X is a Macrophage that performs phagocytosis to remove antibodies from the bloodstream.
C.Cell X is a Helper T-cell that recognizes the processed antigen and stimulates the -lymphocyte to proliferate.
D.Cell X is a Suppressor T-cell that prevents the -lymphocyte from reacting to self-antigens.
- 6.
The following flowchart represents the differentiation of B-lymphocytes during a humoral immune response. Which statement correctly identifies the functions of 'Cell Type Y' and 'Cell Type Z'?
A.Cell Type Y provides immediate protection by engulfing pathogens, while Cell Type Z produces antibodies.
B.Cell Type Y (Plasma cells) secretes antibodies, while Cell Type Z (Memory cells) ensures a faster response upon re-infection.
C.Cell Type Y (Memory cells) produces antibodies, while Cell Type Z (Plasma cells) stores the antigen blueprint.
D.Cell Type Y secretes interferons, while Cell Type Z triggers the inflammatory response.
- 7.
Innate immunity provides a non-specific defense through various barriers. In the provided classification of the first line of defense, identify the correct titles for Category X and Category Y.
A.Category X: Physical barriers; Category Y: Physiological barriers
B.Category X: Physiological barriers; Category Y: Physical barriers
C.Category X: Cellular barriers; Category Y: Cytokine barriers
D.Category X: Physical barriers; Category Y: Cellular barriers
- 8.
The 'Y' shaped structure of an antibody is maintained by:
A.Hydrogen bonds between the carbohydrates.
B.Ionic bonds between the heavy chains.
C.Disulfide bonds between the polypeptide chains.
D.Phosphodiester bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
- 9.
What happens when an antigen enters a lymph node?
A.It is destroyed by the acidic environment of the node.
B.It activates the lymphocytes present there, triggering an immune response.
C.It is converted into a memory cell.
D.It is transported directly to the thymus for processing.
- 10.
Which of these is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ?
A.Spleen
B.Tonsils
C.Bone Marrow
D.Lymph nodes
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Innate and Acquired Immunity to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Active and Passive Immunity
SubtopicActive and Passive Immunity under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Why is active immunity preferred for long-term disease prevention?
A.It is cheaper
B.It provides immediate protection
C.It results in immunological memory
D.It doesn't require any injections
- 2.
What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity regarding duration?
A.Active is short-lived, Passive is long-lived
B.Active is long-lived, Passive is short-lived
C.Both are long-lived
D.Both are short-lived
- 3.
The term 'humoral immunity' refers to immunity mediated by:
A.T-lymphocytes
B.B-lymphocytes through antibodies
C.Skin barriers
D.Gastric acid
- 4.
Active immunity is generally slow because it involves:
A.Circulation of blood
B.Recognition of antigens by lymphocytes
C.Digestion of the vaccine
D.Absorption of water
- 5.
Based on the comparison in the flowchart, why does 'Strategy B' provide immunity that can last for years, whereas 'Strategy A' typically provides protection that lasts only a few weeks or months?
A.Because Strategy B requires the continuous external injection of antigens to stay active.
B.Because Strategy A utilizes the host's own plasma cells to maintain high antibody levels.
C.Because Strategy B triggers the formation of a persistent population of memory B and T cells.
D.Because Strategy A leads to the permanent integration of foreign antibodies into the host's genome.
- 6.
Which of the following medical procedures follows the specific biological pathway depicted in the flowchart where the host's internal environment is directly involved in generating the protective agents?
A.Inoculation with a weakened strain of the Typhoid bacterium
B.Administration of an antiserum for immediate toxin neutralization
C.Infusion of pooled gamma globulins into an immunocompromised patient
D.Natural transfer of maternal IgG across the placental barrier
- 7.
In the provided comparison of two immunization strategies, why does 'Method A' require a functional host immune system to be effective, whereas 'Method B' provides protection regardless of the host's ability to synthesize antibodies?
A.Method A is a form of passive immunity where the host only stores the antibodies.
B.Method A is active and relies on the host's own metabolic machinery to produce antibodies.
C.Method B is an active strategy that forces the host to generate memory cells.
D.Method B is an innate response that relies on physical barriers rather than proteins.
- 8.
Which of these biological barriers is primarily bypassed when we use artificial passive immunity?
A.The Skin barrier.
B.The process of antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation.
C.The Blood-Brain Barrier.
D.The Inflammatory response.
- 9.
In active immunity, what is the role of the 'Clonal Selection' process?
A.Selecting the right doctor to administer the vaccine.
B.Identifying and expanding only those lymphocytes that have receptors specific to the invading antigen.
C.Filtering out the injected antibodies in the spleen.
D.Choosing which isotype of antibody to inject during passive transfer.
- 10.
What determines the duration of protection in passive immunity?
A.The rate at which the person's own immune system produces more antibodies.
B.The half-life of the injected or transferred antibodies in the recipient's circulation.
C.The number of memory cells formed during the injection.
D.The speed of the pathogen's replication.
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Active and Passive Immunity to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.
Allergies and Auto-immunity
SubtopicAllergies and Auto-immunity under Human Health and Diseases for Grade 12 CBSE.
Preview questions (no answers)
- 1.
Rheumatoid arthritis is classified as:
A.An infectious disease
B.An auto-immune disease
C.A deficiency disease
D.A genetic disorder present from birth
- 2.
The use of anti-histamines helps in:
A.Curing cancer
B.Reducing allergy symptoms
C.Increasing height
D.Treating viral fever
- 3.
What is the primary effect of histamine during an allergy?
A.Clotting of blood
B.Dilation of blood vessels and inflammation
C.Hardening of bones
D.Increase in blood sugar
- 4.
Exposure to allergens leads to the release of serotonin from:
A.Neurons
B.Mast cells
C.RBCs
D.Muscle cells
- 5.
Why is it difficult to find a specific cause for most auto-immune diseases?
A.Because they are not real diseases
B.Because they involve complex interactions of genetics and environment
C.Because they only happen in elderly people
D.Because they are caused by common bacteria
- 6.
Celiac disease is an auto-immune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the:
A.Large intestine
B.Small intestine
C.Stomach
D.Esophagus
- 7.
Which of the following correctly distinguishes between Allergy and Auto-immunity?
A.Allergy is an attack on self-cells; Auto-immunity is an attack on environmental antigens
B.Allergy involves ; Auto-immunity usually involves and against self-antigens
C.Allergy is always genetic; Auto-immunity is always environmental
D.Allergy is treated with vaccines; Auto-immunity is treated with antibiotics
- 8.
What is the immunological significance of 'Sequestered Antigens' in autoimmunity?
A.They are antigens like those in the lens of the eye that are never 'seen' by the immune system during development
B.They are antigens that have been modified by bacteria to look like self
C.They are antibodies that are hidden inside the nucleus of B-cells
D.They are allergens that only enter the body through the skin
- 9.
In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, which cells of the pancreas are specifically targeted and destroyed by the immune system?
A.Alpha cells
B.Beta cells
C.Delta cells
D.PP cells
- 10.
What is the primary difference between a 'food allergy' and a 'food intolerance' (like lactose intolerance)?
A.Allergy involves the immune system (); intolerance involves a metabolic or enzymatic deficiency
B.Allergy is only caused by sugars; intolerance is only caused by proteins
C.Allergy is always fatal; intolerance is never serious
D.Allergy is treated with insulin; intolerance is treated with adrenaline
Download the worksheet for Human Health and Diseases - Allergies and Auto-immunity to practice offline. It includes additional chapter-level practice questions.