Evolution

Demonstration that life comes from pre-existing life

Discovery of DNA

Miller's experiment

The Big Bang theory

Life can be created in a lab

Organic molecules can be formed from inorganic precursors

Oxygen is necessary for life

DNA is the first genetic material

Formation of DNA

Formation of proteins

Formation of coacervates

Formation of organic compounds

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Helium

4.5 billion years

4000 years

20 billion years

10,000 years

Hydrogen sulfide ($H_{2}S$)

Carbon dioxide ($CO_{2}$)

Methane ($CH_{4}$)

Nitrogen ($N_{2}$)

It is the same age as the universe

It is about 4.5 billion years old

The universe is 20 billion years old, and Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago

The galaxy is older than the universe

4.5 billion years

20 billion years

500 million years

100 billion years

Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis (Condensation)

Oxidative phosphorylation

Decarboxylation

It was found to be too complex to understand.

It was not supported by any empirical evidence and could not be tested using the scientific method.

It predicted that the Earth was billions of years old, which was proven false.

It suggested that species change over time, which contradicted fossil evidence.

Homologous and showing divergent evolution

Analogous and showing convergent evolution

Homologous and showing convergent evolution

Analogous and showing divergent evolution

Dog

Horse

Human

Elephant

Divergent evolution

Convergent evolution

Homology

Atavism

Mutation rates

Common ancestry

Climatic changes

Soil composition

They live in very different environments

They live in similar environments with similar selection pressures

They share a very recent common ancestor

They are unable to adapt to new environments

Universal genetic code

Similarities in metabolic pathways like glycolysis

Presence of ATP as the energy currency

The specific shape of the external ear

Convergent evolution

Divergent evolution

Adaptive radiation

Biogeographical distribution

Common ancestry.

Convergent evolution due to similar selective pressures in arid environments.

Divergent evolution from a common succulent ancestor.

Artificial selection by desert-dwelling humans.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes.

The nuclear DNA of eukaryotes contains genes for mitochondrial proteins.

Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells.

Chloroplasts are larger than mitochondria.

Analogy

Homology

Mimicry

Coevolution

Community

Population

Ecosystem

Biome

Nature has unlimited resources

Populations grow faster than the food supply

Organisms do not want to reproduce

There is no variation in nature

Mitosis

Crossing over in meiosis

Regeneration

Binary fission

It increases

It decreases

It remains constant

It becomes zero

Human babies born with average weight have the highest survival rate.

The evolution of long necks in giraffes to reach high foliage.

A population of snails having either very dark or very light shells, but no medium shells.

A population of flowers maintaining a constant petal number over centuries.

Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse

Modern genetics and population biology

The theory of spontaneous generation

Astrophysical theories of planetary origin

Because populations grow exponentially while resources are limited.

Because individuals are naturally aggressive towards one another.

Because mutations cause individuals to become weaker over time.

Because the environment is constantly becoming more hostile.

The development of reproductive isolating mechanisms.

The presence of a very large, shared habitat.

A high rate of gene flow between the two groups.

The occurrence of identical mutations in both groups.

He discovered the structure of the DNA molecule.

He independently arrived at the theory of natural selection based on his work in the Malay Archipelago.

He proved that acquired traits could be inherited through the blood.

He was the first to propose the concept of 'Saltation'.

Overproduction of offspring.

The role of DNA as the hereditary material.

The struggle for existence.

Variations within a population.

Natural Selection

Genetic Drift

Stable population size

Mutation

Maximum physical strength

Beneficial variations

Smallest body size

No mutations

Adaptation

Mutation

Selection

Variation

Genetic drift

Mutations

Natural selection

All of these

Genes on the same chromosome are linked

Homologous chromosomes align randomly during meiosis

DNA polymerase makes frequent errors

Mutagens affect the gametes

Harmful mutations never occur

Natural selection tends to eliminate individuals carrying harmful mutations

Harmful mutations always turn into beneficial ones

DNA repair mechanisms prevent all harmful mutations

Only small, continuous variations are important for evolution

Mutations can appear in any direction

Environment directly induces specific mutations

New species always evolve gradually over time

A regulatory mutation that provides variation in gene expression levels.

A structural mutation that changes the primary sequence of the protein.

A synonymous mutation that has no effect on the fitness of the organism.

A chromosomal aberration that leads to the loss of the entire gene locus.

It allows one copy of a gene to maintain the original function while the other is free to mutate and potentially acquire a new function.

It ensures that a backup copy is always available in case the original gene undergoes a lethal mutation.

It increases the total amount of DNA in the nucleus, making the cell more resistant to radiation.

It prevents the occurrence of point mutations by doubling the number of repair enzymes.

The two populations will become genetically similar, potentially hindering local adaptation.

The two populations will undergo rapid speciation due to increased variation.

One population will eventually drive the other to extinction.

The mutation rate in both populations will increase to compensate for the influx of genes.

$p \times q = 1$

$p - q = 1$

$p + q = 1$

$p/q = 1$

Physicist

Physician

Botanist

Geologist

Genetic stability

Evolutionary change

Reproductive isolation

Environmental stasis

0.01

0.81

0.18

0.9

The frequency of heterozygotes ($2pq$) will decrease as homozygosity increases

The frequency of heterozygotes ($2pq$) will increase due to higher genetic recombination

The frequency of heterozygotes ($2pq$) will remain constant as long as the mutation rate is zero

The frequency of heterozygotes ($2pq$) will immediately double because of increased mate selection

0.25

0.50

0.75

0.125

Frequency of the dominant genotype

Frequency of the recessive genotype

Frequency of the dominant allele

Frequency of the recessive allele

When $p = 0.75, q = 0.25$

When $p = 0.5, q = 0.5$

When $p = 1, q = 0$

When $p = 0.1, q = 0.9$

1/2

1/3

1/4

1/5

Directional selection

High mutation rate

Genetic drift

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Common ancestor

Different ancestor

Synthetic organism

Non-living matter

Flying squirrel

Bat

Mouse

Wolf

Only seeds

Only insects

A variety of food items like seeds, insects, and fruits

Only nectar

Galapagos finches

Australian marsupials

Humans

None of the above

Sharing a recent common ancestor

Living in the same geographical region

Adaptive radiation in two different geographical areas resulting in convergence

Natural selection favoring different traits in similar environments

Insects on the trees

Small seeds and fruits

Buds and leaves

Cactus nectar

Evolution of a species into another species over a long time

Evolution of different species from a common ancestor in a given geographical area

Migration of a species to a new continent

The death of all members of a species due to environmental changes

The various types of cacti in North American deserts.

The diversification of the Silversword alliance in Hawaii from a single ancestor.

The growth of a single oak tree over 100 years.

The use of fertilizers to grow different varieties of wheat.

Random genetic drift with no purpose.

Adaptive radiation driven by dietary niches.

The birds teaching each other how to change their beaks.

All birds belonging to the same interbreeding population.

Natural selection is the mechanism that drives the diversification in adaptive radiation.

Adaptive radiation happens first, and then natural selection starts.

Natural selection only occurs in stable environments, not during radiation.

They are two unrelated processes that never occur together.

It involves language, tools, and social structures

It only happens in laboratory cultures

It is faster than biological evolution

It involves only the skin color change

Development of lumbar curve

Opposable thumb

Increase in the length of the tail

Expansion of the pelvic girdle

Pre-historic humans

Modern industrialists

Medieval kings

Harappan settlers

Dryopithecus

Ramapithecus

Australopithecus

Homo erectus

Species X: Homo habilis; Species Y: Homo erectus

Species X: Homo sapiens; Species Y: Homo neanderthalensis

Species X: Australopithecus; Species Y: Homo sapiens

Species X: Homo neanderthalensis; Species Y: Homo erectus

They were taller than $6$ feet and were primarily meat-eaters.

They were hairy and walked like modern gorillas and chimpanzees.

They were not taller than $4$ feet but walked upright.

They had a brain capacity of $1400$ cc and lived in caves.

Enlarged brain

Bipedal walking

Language

Use of fire

The width and shape of the pelvic inlet

The size of the cranial capacity

The length of the humerus

The presence of wisdom teeth

Ramapithecus

Homo habilis

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens sapiens

Only in Africa and then replaced all other hominid species.

Simultaneously from Homo erectus populations in different parts of the world.

From a single pair of individuals 10,000 years ago.

Backwards from Neanderthals in Europe.

Reptiles

Mammals

Amphibians

Fish

Organic evolution

Inorganic evolution

Chemical evolution

Spontaneous generation

Life began on land

Reptiles evolved from fish directly

First cells were photosynthetic

Dinosaurs disappeared about 65 mya

2-chambered to 3-chambered

3-chambered to 4-chambered

Single loop to double loop

No heart to 2-chambered

Cretaceous period

Permian period

Jurassic period

Devonian period

Smallest carnivorous dinosaurs

Largest herbivorous dinosaurs

First flying reptiles

Ancestors of modern-day mammals

The arrival of the Ice Age

The extinction of dinosaurs

The reduction of atmospheric oxygen

The evolution of giant ferns

Plants

Arthropods

Amphibians

Bacteria

They are the common ancestors of crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds

They are the ancestors of modern-day lizards and snakes only

They are the ancestors of mammals and therapsids

They were the first fish to walk on land using lobed fins

Cambrian -> Ordovician -> Silurian -> Devonian -> Carboniferous -> Permian

Permian -> Carboniferous -> Devonian -> Silurian -> Ordovician -> Cambrian

Cambrian -> Silurian -> Ordovician -> Carboniferous -> Devonian -> Permian

Silurian -> Cambrian -> Devonian -> Ordovician -> Permian -> Carboniferous