Biotechnology and its Applications

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

Midgut epithelial cells

Excretory cells

Tobacco budworm

Armyworm

Beetle

Bollworm

Only sense RNA

Only antisense RNA

Both sense and antisense RNA

Double-stranded DNA only

Exotoxin

Endotoxin

Antibiotic

Antigen

It allows the toxin to kill every type of insect in the field.

It ensures that only the targeted pests are killed, sparing beneficial insects.

It makes the toxin effective at any pH level.

It allows the toxin to be used as a fertilizer as well.

To produce toxins against the nematode

To act as a vector to deliver specific DNA into the plant

To increase the rate of photosynthesis

To kill the nematode in the soil before it reaches the roots

Bio-fertilizer

Bio-pesticide

Synthetic hormone

Growth regulator

It causes the larvae to become sterile.

It prevents the larvae from entering the root.

It results in the death of the nematode due to the lack of essential proteins.

It turns the nematode into a symbiont of the plant.

Planting only Bt crops in a large area

Mixing Bt crop seeds with a small percentage of non-Bt 'refuge' seeds

Increasing the dose of the Bt toxin expressed in the plant

Using the same Cry gene for every type of crop

The interference with DNA replication

The interference with the translation of mRNA into protein

The interference with the movement of insects

The interference with the absorption of water by roots

A single long polypeptide chain

Two polypeptide chains (A and B) linked by disulfide bonds

Three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C) linked by hydrogen bonds

A complex of four polypeptide chains

It was too dilute

It caused allergic reactions in some patients

It could not be stored

It was only effective for animals

Skin cells

Muscle cells

Cells at the early embryonic stage

Brain cells

Chain A and Chain B

Chain A and Chain D

Chain B and Chain E

Chain C and Chain A

Chromosome 11

Chromosome 21

Chromosome X

Chromosome 7

The cells cannot produce enough ADA enzyme

The cells are rejected by the patient's immune system

The procedure must be repeated because the engineered cells die over time

The retrovirus used often causes a secondary infection

A hormone produced by a prokaryote

An inactive precursor that needs processing to become an active hormone

A hormone that promotes the growth of bacteria

A synthetic hormone used in agriculture

Insulin genes used in $E. coli$ are synthetic and optimized for bacteria, whereas EPO genes must retain their human-specific intron-exon boundaries to be functional.

The $E. coli$ proteolytic enzymes specifically recognize and degrade the $30$ amino acid B-chain of insulin, but they completely destroy the EPO protein.

The folding of insulin is relatively simple, whereas EPO requires complex post-translational glycosylation that $E. coli$ cannot perform.

Insulin is a much smaller protein, whereas the large size of the EPO polypeptide causes the bacterial cell wall to rupture during the secretion process.

To allow for the identification and selective survival of only those T-lymphocytes that have successfully integrated the recombinant viral genome.

To act as a high-strength promoter that ensures the human $ADA$ gene is expressed at therapeutic levels within the host cells.

To provide a molecular signal that prevents the patient's immune system from attacking and destroying the genetically modified T-cells.

To ensure that the retrovirus can only infect T-lymphocytes and not other types of blood cells during the transduction phase.

It contains hematopoietic stem cells that can self-renew and produce all immune cell lineages.

It is the only place where the ADA enzyme is physically able to function.

The bone marrow protects the viral vectors from being destroyed by the liver.

Stem cells in the bone marrow do not have a nucleus, making gene insertion easier.

Inorganic chemicals

Transgenic animals

Microscopes only

Fossil records

Insulin

Alpha-lactalbumin

Casein

Fibrinogen

The same individual

A different species

A different planet

A non-living source

To study normal physiology

To study diseases

To test vaccine safety

All of the above

Because it is produced by a living cow

Because it contains a human protein produced by a transgene

Because it is free of all bacteria

Because it is organic

The evolution of the chemical

The effect of the chemical on the environment

The biological effect of the chemical on the animal

The chemical's price in the market

Complex post-translational modifications

Extremely high temperatures

Anaerobic conditions only

Inorganic catalysts

To produce better quality wool only

To produce human proteins in their milk for therapeutic use

To make them grow as large as cows

To study their migration patterns

An activated oncogene

A gene that prevents all mutations

A gene that makes it immune to radiation

A gene from a plant

Molecular farming

Bio-mining

Chemical engineering

Genetic drift

Biopiracy

Bio-remediation

Bio-magnification

Bio-prospecting

Kept in a refrigerator

Introduced into the ecosystem

Studied under a microscope

Stored as dry seeds

Physical property

Intellectual property

Community property

Public property

Coal mines

Bio-resources and traditional knowledge

Satellite technology

Labor force

2,000

20,000

200,000

2,000,000

The World Trade Organization

The indigenous community or source country

The scientists in the developed nation

The patent office

It generates high profits for the government

It does not violate the safety of the environment or public health

It is done using only local technology

The resulting organism is sterile

To ensure the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs)

To create a global army to protect forests from loggers

To mandate that all countries use the same genetic code for corn

To prevent the patenting of any organism found in the ocean

It might lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance to pathogenic bacteria in the gut or soil

It makes the plant taste like medicine, reducing its market value

It causes the plant to become addicted to antibiotics

It makes the DNA of the plant glow under UV light

Stealing a computer that contains a scientist's research data

Claiming legal ownership of traditional knowledge without acknowledging the original source

Publishing a research paper without listing all the laboratory technicians

Using a photocopier to copy a biology textbook illegally

Nucleic acids

Metabolic waste

Color

Size

Double stranded DNA molecule

Single stranded DNA or RNA molecule

Protein molecule

Lipid molecule

The pathogen itself

The secondary antibody

The patient's DNA

The test tube

They take weeks to perform

They depend on symptoms that appear only after high pathogen load

They are only done on elderly patients

They require expensive chemicals

The physical ridges on the pathogen's surface

The specific sequence of its nucleic acids

The pattern of its movement

The way it reacts with Benedict's solution

Both use radioactive probes

Both require thermal cyclers

Both are used for molecular diagnosis of diseases

Both are used to produce large quantities of proteins

The patient's own DNA

A unique DNA sequence belonging to the bacteria

The red blood cell membrane

The glucose molecules in the patient's blood

Because molecular methods can only be used on non-living samples.

Because it provides rapid and precise identification of even non-culturable or low-abundance pathogens.

Because it makes the food taste better.

Because it is the only way to measure the temperature of the water.

The probes might mutate the patient's DNA if injected.

Radioactive materials require specialized handling and disposal to prevent environmental and health hazards.

Radioactive probes are less accurate than non-radioactive ones.

The radiation prevents the enzyme ELISA from working.

A high concentration of the target antigen in the patient's sample.

A low concentration or absence of the target antigen in the patient's sample.

That the enzyme used was defective.

That the patient has multiple infections.