Transport in Animals

A -> B -> C

B -> A -> D

C -> D -> B

A -> C -> B

Right atrium

Left atrium

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

High in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide

Low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide

High in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide

Low in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide

It will stay at 70

It will decrease to 50

It will increase to 120

It will drop to 0

Chamber Y must be in a state of ventricular systole (contraction).

The pressure in Chamber X must be higher than the pressure in Chamber Y.

The semi-lunar valve at the exit of Chamber Y must be open.

The pressure in Chamber Y must be higher than the pressure in Chamber X.

By absorbing it directly from the blood passing through the chambers

Through the coronary arteries branching off the aorta

Through the pulmonary vein

From the lymphatic system

Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium

Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Body tissues -> Vena cava -> Right atrium

Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Aorta -> Body tissues

Left atrium -> Pulmonary vein -> Lungs -> Pulmonary artery

The closure of the vena cava to prevent backflow.

The final $20-30\%$ of ventricular filling before the ventricles contract.

The opening of the semilunar valves.

The stimulation of the SA node by the atria.

They contract to open the semilunar valves.

They contract during ventricular systole to steady the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae.

They relax to allow the ventricles to expand during filling.

They generate the electrical impulse that starts the heartbeat.

Increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary circulation.

Increased pressure in the aorta.

Decreased pressure in the right atrium.

Rapid emptying of the left ventricle.

Serum contains no red blood cells

Plasma contains no water

Serum is plasma without the clotting factors

Plasma is serum without the glucose

Hepatic vein

Hepatic artery

Hepatic portal vein

Vena cava

Lacteals

Lymph nodes

Capillaries

Alveoli

Protein

Glucose

Water

Salt

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic vein

Pulmonary artery

Renal artery

It allows blood to be pumped to the body tissues at a higher pressure

It ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood never enter the heart

It reduces the total number of blood vessels needed in the body

It allows for the direct exchange of gases without using capillaries

The thick elastic walls of the femoral artery

The high pressure generated by the right ventricle

The presence of valves in the veins of the legs

The small diameter of the capillaries in the feet

Tissue fluid contains no glucose, whereas plasma does.

Plasma contains high-molecular-weight proteins that tissue fluid lacks.

Tissue fluid contains red blood cells that have leaked out of capillaries.

Plasma is found only in the heart, while tissue fluid is found in the vessels.

Thick muscular walls to withstand high pressure from the returning blood.

Large lumen to offer low resistance to blood flow under low pressure.

Absence of valves because the blood is moving against gravity.

A very thick tunica intima to facilitate gas exchange.

The renal vein has more glucose than the renal artery during exercise.

The hepatic portal vein always has more glucose than the hepatic vein.

The pulmonary vein has a higher $pO_2$ than the aorta.

The vena cava has a higher $pCO_2$ than the pulmonary artery.

Large and circular

Absent

Lobed or irregular

Square-shaped

Hemoglobin

Mineral ions

Chlorophyll

Starch

Plasma

White blood cells

Platelets

Red blood cells

Transporting dissolved substances

Carrying oxygen only

Producing antibodies

Engulfing bacteria

Red blood cells

Platelets

White blood cells

Plasma

Oxygenated hemoglobin

Deoxygenated hemoglobin

Urea

Carbon dioxide

The protein chain

The iron-containing heme group

The outer cell membrane

The central nucleus

To provide the raw material for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

To serve as the primary respiratory substrate for cells throughout the body.

To act as a lubricant for the movement of white blood cells.

To trigger the release of calcium ions for blood clotting.

Agglutination: clumping pathogens together so phagocytes can find them easily.

Neutralization: blocking the toxins produced by pathogens.

Lysis: directly injecting hemoglobin into the pathogen to make it burst.

Opsonization: marking the pathogen for easier recognition by phagocytes.

A recent cut that is currently forming a scab.

A long-term viral infection or an immune response to a vaccine.

Living at a high altitude for several months.

A diet high in iron and protein.