Diseases and Immunity

Antibody

Antigen

Antibiotic

Antiseptic

Stronger bones

Improved vision

Severe diarrhea

High levels of red blood cells

It makes the water look clearer for swimming

It prevents the transmission of water-borne pathogens

It ensures that people can wash their cars more easily

It prevents people from getting genetic diseases

It kills the $Plasmodium$ protoctist in the air

It acts as a mechanical barrier preventing mosquitoes from biting humans

It filters the air to remove viral particles

It keeps the person warm so their immune system works better

Encouraging people to use insect repellent

Improving the ventilation in public buildings and schools

Installing more water filtration systems in the city

Increasing the frequency of street cleaning

It prevents the waste from getting wet and smelling bad

It prevents flies and rodents from accessing the waste and spreading pathogens

It encourages the waste to decompose faster through anaerobic respiration

It prevents the sun from bleaching the color of the waste

Pathogens passing from a mother to her baby during breastfeeding

Pathogens transferring from a person to a surface, and then to another person

Pathogens moving from one person to another through a handshake

Pathogens being injected into the blood during a blood transfusion

Soap molecules are small enough to enter the virus and stop its metabolism.

Soap molecules have a hydrophobic tail that inserts into the viral lipid envelope and disrupts its integrity.

Soap changes the pH of the water to 14, which melts the viral proteins.

Soap acts as a catalyst that speeds up the natural decay of the viral RNA.

It causes the flea to starve, making it bite more hosts and regurgitate the bacteria into the bite wound.

It makes the flea fly faster, allowing it to cover more distance between hosts.

It prevents the flea from reproducing, so all its energy goes into biting.

It makes the flea's saliva more acidic, which dissolves human skin.

The cold is caused by hundreds of different viruses, including Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses, which have different surface antigens.

Common cold viruses do not have any antigens on their surface for the immune system to recognize.

The viruses only infect dead cells, which the immune system cannot target.

Vaccines can only be made for bacterial diseases, not viral ones.

They are always beneficial to the body

They are found on the surface of cells and viruses

They are produced by the brain to fight infection

They are a type of white blood cell

Red blood cells

Memory cells

Platelets

Stem cells

Sunlight

Enzymes

Hormones

Carbon dioxide

The cell wall

The ribosomes

The flagellum

The chloroplasts

Mucus -> Lymphocytes -> Phagocytes

Antibodies -> Skin -> Stomach Acid

Nose hairs -> Mucus -> Phagocytes

Stomach Acid -> Cilia -> Mucus

They are used to build new cell walls for the body's cells.

They make pathogens more visible and accessible to phagocytes.

They provide the energy needed for lymphocytes to divide.

They act as a chemical signal to stop the production of red blood cells.

By decreasing the flow of blood to the area to starve the bacteria.

By increasing the production of mucus in the lungs.

By sending phagocytes to the area to engulf and destroy the invaders.

By releasing stomach acid into the bloodstream to kill the bacteria.

Active immunity is immediate, while passive immunity takes weeks to develop.

Active immunity involves the production of memory cells, whereas passive immunity does not.

Passive immunity results from a vaccine, while active immunity results from an infection.

Active immunity lasts for a short time, while passive immunity is permanent.

A virus that has entered the pancreas.

A toxin produced by bacteria in the gut.

Proteins found on the surface of the body's own insulin-producing cells.

The glucose molecules circulating in the bloodstream.

The eyelashes, which trap dust and larger particles.

The rapid blinking reflex that physically removes pathogens.

Tears, which contain lysozyme enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls.

The thick layer of mucus that prevents pathogens from touching the cornea.

Memory cells

The skin and mucous membranes

Plasma cells

Specific antibodies

Catching the flu

Getting a chickenpox vaccine

Receiving an injection of ready-made antibodies

Recovering from a bacterial infection

To remove the old antibodies

To increase the number of memory cells and antibody levels

To introduce a new type of disease

To decrease the immune response

It makes the person immune to all diseases for life

It prevents the person from ever needing to eat

It reduces the risk of getting seriously ill from a specific pathogen

It changes the person's DNA

They transform into phagocytes when an infection occurs

They secrete large quantities of antibodies into the blood

They store information about the pathogen for decades

They carry oxygen to the site of an infection

To produce mucus to trap pathogens

To sweep mucus containing trapped pathogens away from the lungs

To produce antibodies to kill bacteria in the air

To increase the surface area for oxygen absorption

The viruses that cause it do not have antigens

The viruses mutate frequently, changing their surface antigens

The body cannot produce antibodies against cold viruses

Cold viruses only infect the mechanical barriers of the body

To ensure the pathogen can still kill some cells to trigger a response.

To provide the antigens necessary to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

To allow the pathogen to hide in the body for long-term protection.

To make it easier for the antibodies to kill the pathogen.

By storing a copy of the pathogen's DNA in the brain.

By maintaining a population of long-lived memory B-cells.

By keeping a high concentration of antibodies in the blood forever.

By changing the shape of all white blood cells to match the pathogen.

Acquiring antibodies from an external source.

The defense against a pathogen by the production of antibodies in the body.

The use of antibiotics to kill bacteria in the gut.

The physical movement of white blood cells toward an infection.